Table 2. Baseline characteristics by remission group in the CHIA type 2 diabetes cohort (n = 60,287).
| Group 1 Achieving HbA1c <48mmol/mol (6.5%) followed by increasing HbA1c levels |
Group 2 Decreasing HbA1c levels (>48mmol/mol) | Group 3 Stable high HbA1c levels |
Group 4 Stable low HbA1c levels |
P-value# | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 8112 (13.8) | 6369 (10.7) |
36557 (60.0) | 9249 (15.5) | |
| Sociodemographic | |||||
| Age, years* | 65.4 (11.6) | 66.8 (11.1) | 63.1 (12.1) | 67.8 (11.3) | 0.419 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 4598 (56.7) | 3609 (56.7) | 21302 (58.3) | 4899 (53.0) | 0.006 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| White | 7772 (95.8) | 6132 (96.3) | 35239 (96.4) | 9005 (97.4) | |
| Black | 25 (0.3) | 25 (0.4) | 137 (0.4) | 30 (0.3) | 0.858 |
| Asian | 247 (3.0) | 162 (2.5) | 944 (2.6) | 161 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Mixed/Other | 68 (0.8) | 50 (0.8) | 237 (0.6) | 53 (0.6) | 0.012 |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation, n (%) | |||||
| quintile 1 (most deprived) | 871 (10.8) | 750 (11.8) | 4979 (13.6) | 976 (10.5) | 0.003 |
| quintile 2 | 1575 (19.4) | 1203 (18.9) | 7631 (20.9) | 1727 (18.7) | |
| quintile 3 | 1487 (18.3) | 1151 (18.1) | 7146 (19.5) | 1672 (18.1) | |
| quintile 4 | 1828 (22.5) | 1413 (22.2) | 7702 (21.1) | 2086 (22.5) | |
| quintile 5 (least deprived) | 2351 (29.0) | 1852 (29.1) | 9099 (24.9) | 2788 (30.2) | |
| Clinical | |||||
| Diabetes duration, years | 6.7 (6.2) | 7.5 (6.1) | 9.1 (7.2) | 6.3 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Frailty Index | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.043 |
| Total number baseline comorbidities n(%) | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.2) | 1.2 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.3) | 0.038 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4434 (54.7) | 3573 (56.1) | 177726 (48.6) | 5089 (55.0) | <0.001 |
| Stroke n (%) | 358 (4.4) | 297 (4.7) | 1448 (4.0) | 481 (5.2) | 0.353 |
| Myocardial Infarction n (%) | 518 (6.4) | 457 (7.2) | 2638 (7.2) | 595 (6.4) | 0.537 |
| Amputation n (%) | 67 (0.8) | 79 (1.2) | 428 (1.2) | 74 (0.8) | 0.840 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 832 (10.3) | 672 (10.6) | 4117 (11.3) | 938 (10.1) | 0.416 |
| Weight, kg* | 89.2 (20.3) | 90.5 (20.7) | 92.1 (20.7) | 87.8 (20.3) | 0.954 |
| BMI, kg/m2* | 31.3 (6.3) | 32.0 (6.4) | 31.7 (6.3) | 30.7 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg* | 136.0 (15.2) | 136.9 (15.4) | 136.1 (15.4) | 135.7 (15.5) | 0.128 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg* | 77.1 (9.4) | 77.0 (9.4) | 77.5 (9.4) | 76.4 (9.3) | 0.044 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l* | 4.6 (1.2) | 4.5 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.2) | 0.076 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/l* | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c level, mmol/mol* | 59.2 (19.9) | 59.8 (20.1) | 60.5 (20.8) | 59.2 (18.9) | 0.764 |
| eGFR | 72.4 (16.7) | 71.9 (16.9) | 73.8 (17.1) | 71.5 (17.1) | 0.237 |
| Total number of medications prescribed# | 3.8 (2.4) | 4.0 (2.4) | 4.0 (2.4) | 3.8 (2.4) | 0.088 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication, n (%) | 4497 (55.4) | 3717 (58.4) | 18773 (51.4) | 5522 (59.7) | 0.950 |
| Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 5512 (67.9) | 4458 (70.0) | 24918 (68.2) | 6104 (66.0) | 0.002 |
| Hypoglycaemic medication, n(%) | 5272 (65.0) | 4337 (68.1) | 26913 (73.6) | 4563 (49.3) | <0.001 |
*Remission group determined for the 60,287 people who were alive at the first follow period (i.e. at 6 months following the start of the study) and therefore had follow-up data. Model F statistics from regression models reported here. Models used on imputed data were linear regression models for continuous variables, logistic regression models for binary variables, and ordered logistic regression models for ordered categorical variables (like IMD).