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. 2023 Aug 29;14:5270. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40940-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The x axis represents the mean value of the total number of infections in the corresponding size of cities, while the y axis represents the mean value of the durations in the corresponding size of cities. The rings of each combination represent the start day of NPI implementation for each outbreak (innermost ring), social distancing intensity (middle ring), and contact tracing intensity (outer ring), respectively. The green, red, and blue colors correspond to large cities (LC), medium cities (MC), and small cities (SC). We considered each combination to be effective when it is valid for more than three cities in parallel. We assumed a 50% probability that an individual wears a mask when in contact with an infected person during outbreaks, considering feasibility and generalizability to the other countries/areas. The simulation results of other scenarios are available in supplementary (See Supplementary Figs. 16–38).