Table 4.
Outcomes of anxiety, self-efficacy, and quality of life – comparison of results at the beginning and at the end of the study, 12-month follow-up.
| Category | Beginning of the study | End of the study (12 months) | Cohen’s d effect size | Absolute difference in mean scores | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. | |||||||
| STAI X1 score | 37.5 | 8.48 | 33.06 | 10.25 | 0.46 | 4.44 | .08 |
| STAI X1 sten | 5.12 | 1.93 | 3.88 | 2.53 | 0.56 | .04 | |
| STAI X2 score | 40.44 | 8.87 | 36.56 | 10.27 | 0.60 | 3.88 | .02 |
| STAI X2 sten | 4.83 | 2.62 | 3.83 | 2.87 | 0.60 | .02 | |
| GSES: Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. | |||||||
| GSES score | 30.4 | 2.17 | 31.8 | 3.16 | 0.76 | 1.4 | .03 |
| GSES sten | 6.9 | 0.88 | 7.1 | 0.99 | 0.32 | .42 | |
| QoL-Q Diabetes | |||||||
| Global QoL score | 185.41 | 32.03 | 209.94 | 39.73 | 0.61 | 24.53 | .02 |
| QoL family relationships/friendships | 9.65 | 3.24 | 10.94 | 2.3 | 0.35 | 1.29 | .17 |
| QoL going out or socializing | 8.5 | 2.34 | 10.06 | 2.08 | 0.50 | 1.56 | .65 |
| QoL partner/spouse relationship | 9.82 | 3.11 | 10.76 | 3.31 | 0.32 | 0.94 | .20 |
| QoL enjoying sexual activity | 8.25 | 2.38 | 9.81 | 3.58 | 0.46 | 1.56 | .08 |
| QoL being physically active | 7.88 | 2.15 | 11.06 | 3.63 | 0.71 | 3.72 | .02 |
| QoL feeling wellg | 7.71 | 3.14 | 10.94 | 2.95 | 0.73 | 2.93 | <.01 |
| QoL feeling in control of my body | 7.71 | 2.39 | 9.88 | 3 | 0.72 | 2.17 | <.01 |
| QoL looking good | 7.29 | 2.2 | 9.47 | 2.72 | 1.07 | 2.18 | <.01 |
| QoL having holidays | 9.12 | 3.52 | 9.94 | 3.56 | 0.23 | 0.82 | .36 |
| QoL workingg | 7.29 | 1.99 | 9.76 | 2.56 | 1.12 | 2.47 | <.01 |
| QoL affording the things I would like | 8.65 | 2.8 | 9.06 | 2.82 | 0.13 | 0.41 | .59 |
| QoL driving | 8.53 | 3.45 | 8.82 | 3.7 | 0.08 | 0.29 | .75 |
| QoL practicing my religion | 8.47 | 4.07 | 9 | 4.41 | 0.16 | 0.53 | .82 |
| QoL sleeping | 8.62 | 2.6 | 10.31 | 3.38 | 0.66 | 1.69 | .01 |
| QoL eating as I would like | 5.06 | 2.62 | 8 | 3.97 | 0.79 | 2.94 | <.01 |
| QoL looking after or being useful to others | 9 | 2.28 | 10.69 | 2.41 | 0.65 | 1.69 | .02 |
| QoL pets/animals | 7.69 | 2.02 | 10.15 | 3.18 | 0.95 | 2.46 | <.01 |
| QoL being independent | 9.44 | 3.1 | 10.62 | 2.68 | 0.32 | 1.18 | 0.22 |
| QoL being in control of my life | 8.94 | 3.02 | 10.12 | 2.36 | 0.39 | 1.18 | .14 |
| QoL being spontaneous | 6.27 | 2.74 | 8.67 | 3.42 | 0.67 | 2.4 | .02 |
| QoL doing a “normal” thing | 7.47 | 3 | 10.13 | 3.2 | 0.67 | 2.66 | .02 |
| QoL being treated as “normal” | 9.31 | 2.91 | 9.88 | 3.18 | 0.21 | 0.57 | .41 |
| QoL having confidence | 8.88 | 2.16 | 10 | 2.88 | 0.59 | 1.12 | .05 |
P<0.05.
Bold values mean statistically significant p-value.