Table 2.
Characteristics of included meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials
| Author, year | k | Population (age) | Type of cannabinoid/genetic exposure* | Outcomes | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allan, 2018112 | 22 | Mixed conditions (adults) | CBM | Pain, spasticity, nausea and vomiting, adverse events | High |
| Allende-Salazar, 2017123 | 32 | Mixed conditions (chronic non-cancer pain)(adults) | CBM | Pain | Low |
| Amato, 2017134 | 41 | Mixed conditions(adults) | CBM | Nausea, adverse events | High |
| Andreae, 2015145 | 5 | Mixed conditions (chronic neuropathic pain) (adults) | Cannabis (inhaled) | Pain | High |
| Aviram, 2017148 | 23 | Mixed conditions(adults) | CBM | Pain, adverse events | Low |
| Bahji, 2020149 | 9 | Dementia (older people) | Cannabinoids | Psychiatric symptoms | Low |
| Bahji, 2020150 | 14 | Anxiety (adults) | Cannabinoids | Anxiety, acceptability | High |
| Bajtel, 2022151 | 16 | Mixed conditions (adults) | CBM | Drowsiness, fatigue, headache, nausea | Moderate |
| Black, 2019102 | 86 | Psychiatric disorders (adults) | THC/cannabidiol | Psychiatric symptoms | High |
| Chesney, 2020103 | 12 | Mixed conditions (children, adults) | Cannabinoids | Adverse events | High |
| Couch, 2018104 | 53 | Crohn’s (adults) | THC/cannabidiol | Disease activity index | Moderate |
| Da Rovare, 2017105 | 16 | Multiple sclerosis/paraplegia (spasticity, adults) | CBM | Dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, somnolence | Moderate |
| De Carvalho, 2020106 | 4 | Treatment-resistant epilepsy (children, adults) | Cannabis, cannabidiol | Seizures, adverse events, pain | Low |
| De Vita, 2018107 | 18 | Healthy subjects experimental pain (adults) | Cannabinoids | Pain | High |
| Doeve, 2020108 | 4 | Inflammatory bowel disease (adults) | Cannabis | Remission, biomarkers, symptoms, quality of life | Critically low |
| Elliott, 2018109 | 23 | Epilepsy (children) | Cannabidiol | Seizures, response, quality of life, sleep, vomit, diarrhoea | Moderate |
| Fu, 2018110 | 23 | Multiple sclerosis (adult) | Cannabinoids | Spasticity, adverse events | Critically low |
| Gazendam, 2020111 | 6 | Surgery (adult) | CBM | Pain | Low |
| Hauser, 2019113 | 4 | Cancer (adult) | Nabiximol, THC | Pain, maintenance of opioid dosage, daily breakthrough opioid dosage | High |
| Hindley, 2020118 | 15 | General population (adult) | THC/cannabidiol | Psychiatric symptoms | High |
| Kopelli, 2020114 | 3 | Schizophrenia (adult) | Cannabidiol | Total symptoms, cognition | Low |
| Lattanzi, 2020115 | 3 | Dravet syndrome (children) | Cannabidiol | Seizure, acceptability, adverse events | Critically low |
| Lattanzi, 2020116 | 4 | Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut (children) | Cannabidiol | Seizure | Critically low |
| Lattanzi, 2018117 | 2 | Lennox-gastaut syndrome (children) | Cannabidiol | Seizure, tolerability, adverse events | High |
| Lattanzi, 2018119 | 4 | Treatment-resistant Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut (children) | Cannabidiol | Seizure, acceptability, tolerability, adverse events | Moderate |
| Lobos Urbina, 2016120 | 29 | Cancer (adults) | Cannabinoids | Pain, quality of life, adverse events | Low |
| McKee, 2021121 | 31 | Opioid use disorder and Cannabis use disorder (adults) | CBM | Opioid use and cannabis use | Low |
| McCartney, 2021122 | 80 | General population (adults) | THC | Driving impairment, cognitive impairment | Low |
| Meza, 2017124 | 7 | Multiple sclerosis (adults) | Cannabinoids | Spasticity, pain, adverse events | Low |
| Morales, 2017125 | 4 | Cancer (chemotherapy, adults) | Cannabinoids | Nausea, vomit, adverse events | Low |
| Mucke, 2018126 | 16 | Mixed conditions (chronic neuropathic pain, adults) | CBM | Pain, psychological distress, sleep problems | High |
| Mucke, 2018127 | 8 | Cancer, HIV (adults) | CBM | Weight gain | High |
| Noori, 202174* | 5 | Cancer pain on opioids | CBM | Constipation, nausea, opioid use, pain, sleep, vomit | Low |
| Rodríguez, 2018128 | 9 | Cannabis use disorder (adults) | CBM | Abstinence, craving symptoms, adverse events | Low |
| Ruthirakuhan, 2019129 | 6 | Alzheimer’s disease (elderlies) | CBM | Agitation, cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, BMI, adverse events, tolerability | High |
| Sainsbury, 2021130 | 17 | Mixed conditions (chonic, neuropathic pain, adults) | CBM, THC/cannabidiol | Pain | Low |
| Spanagel, 2021131 | 26 | Mixed conditions (chonic, neuropathic pain, adults) | CBM, THC/cannabidiol | Appetite, sleep | High |
| Simon, 2022132 | 4 | Cancer with cachexia (adults) | Cannabinoids | Appetite | Low |
| Smith, 2015133 | 23 | Cancer (chemotherapy, adults) | CBM | Nausea vomit, dysphoria, euphoria, sedation, dizziness, discontinuation due to adverse events, participant preference | High |
| Stockings, 2018135 | 91 | Mixed conditions (chronic pain, non-cancer, adults) | CBM | Pain | High |
| Stockings, 2018136 | 36 | Epilepsy (any age) | CBM | Seizure, quality of life, adverse events, tolerability | Moderate |
| Sultan, 2017137 | 25 | General population (adults) | CBM | Heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow | Moderate |
| Thanabalasingam, 2021138 | 3 | Parkinson’s disease (adults) | Cannabinoids | Motor symptoms | Low |
| Torres-Moreno, 2018139 | 17 | Multiple sclerosis (adults) | CBM | Pain, spasticity, bladder disfunction | High |
| Treves, 2021140 | 8 | Mixed conditions (children) | CBM, THC/cannabidiol | Appetite, gastrointestinal adverse events, serious adverse events, seizures, | High |
| Velayudan, 2021141 | 46 | Mixed conditions (adults) | CBM | Adverse events, acceptability, tolerability | Low |
| Wang, 2008142 | 31 | Mixed conditions (adults) | Cannabis | Adverse events | Low |
| Wang, 2021143 | 32 | Mixed conditions (chronic pain, adults) | CBM or cannabinoids | Pain | High |
| Watanabe, 2021144 | 47 | Mixed conditions | CBM | Hypothension, orthostatic hypothension | Low |
| Whiting, 201523 | 79 | Mixed conditions (not reported) | CBM, THC/cannabidiol | Adverse events | High |
| Wong, 2020146 | 43 | Mixed conditions (chronic pain, non-cancer, adults) | Cannabinoids | Pain | Low |
| Zhang, 2021147 | 2 | Schizophrenia (adults) | Cannabinoids | Psychotic symptoms | Low |
CBM=cannabis-based medications; THC=tetrahydrocannabinol. For full details of the populations see the supplementary appendix 2, supplementary table of characteristics of included meta-analyses.
*
Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms are reported in supplementary table 8.