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. 2023 Aug 30;24:692. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06821-z

Table 3.

Orwin’s and classic fail-safe N outcomes

Classic Fail-Safe N Method Orwin’s Fail-Safe N Method
-36.234 Z-value for observed studies 0.134 The event rate is observed in studies
0.001 The P-value for observed studies 0.500 The criterion for a “trivial” event rate
0.050 Alpha 0.500 Mean event rate in missing studies
2.000 Tails
1.959 Z for alphas
8.000 Number of observed subgroups in the studies
2727.000 Number of missing studies that would bring the P-value to > alpha (N value)