Table 2.
Association of spicy food consumption with hypertension
| OR (95%CI) | P trend for model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
| Frequency of spicy food consumption | |||||
| Total | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | 0.055 |
| <1 day/week | 0.723(0.664,0.788) | 0.978(0.889,1.076) | 0.985(0.894,1.085) | 0.970(0.879,1.072) | |
| 1-2 days/week | 0.547(0.507,0.590) | 0.900(0.827,0.979) | 0.924(0.848,1.007) | 0.898(0.822,0.982) | |
| 3-5 days/week | 0.533(0.491,0.578) | 0.962(0.877,1.054) | 0.973(0.886,1.068) | 0.922(0.837,1.015) | |
| 6-7 days/week | 0.652(0.613,0.694) | 1.026(0.957,1.101) | 0.987(0.919,1.061) | 0.922(0.856,0.992) | |
| Malesa | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | 0.801 |
| <1 day/week | 0.867(0.762,0.988) | 1.063(0.925,1.222) | 1.057(0.918,1.217) | 1.048(0.906,1.212) | |
| 1-2 days/week | 0.689(0.616,0.770) | 0.991(0.878,1.119) | 0.989(0.874,1.118) | 0.935(0.824,1.062) | |
| 3-5 days/week | 0.676(0.601,0.761) | 1.059(0.931,1.203) | 1.040(0.912,1.186) | 0.969(0.846,1.110) | |
| 6-7 days/week | 0.767(0.700,0.841) | 1.117(1.011,1.235) | 1.045(0.941,1.159) | 0.988(0.887,1.099) | |
| Femalesa | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | 0.042 |
| <1 day/week | 0.636(0.567,0.714) | 0.935(0.819,1.068) | 0.950(0.831,1.087) | 0.924(0.805,1.060) | |
| 1-2 days/week | 0.451(0.407,0.501) | 0.859(0.762,0.969) | 0.899(0.796,1.016) | 0.890(0.785,1.008) | |
| 3-5 days/week | 0.420(0.374,0.471) | 0.910(0.796,1.039) | 0.941(0.822,1.076) | 0.903(0.786,1.037) | |
| 6-7 days/week | 0.547(0.503,0.595) | 0.969(0.878,1.070) | 0.958(0.866,1.059) | 0.886(0.799,0.982) | |
| Strength of spicy food consumption | |||||
| Total | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | 0.035 |
| Weak | 0.695(0.662,0.730) | 0.977(0.924,1.034) | 0.970(0.916,1.027) | 0.927(0.874,0.983) | |
| Moderate | 0.706(0.661,0.753) | 1.102(1.024,1.186) | 1.033(0.958,1.115) | 0.956(0.884,1.034) | |
| Strong | 0.862(0.747,0.993) | 0.990(0.847,1.157) | 0.885(0.754,1.038) | 0.808(0.686,0.951) | |
| Malesa | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | 0.829 |
| Weak | 0.768(0.713,0.827) | 1.014(0.935,1.099) | 0.987(0.908,1.072) | 0.944(0.866,1.028) | |
| Moderate | 0.807(0.738,0.883) | 1.197(1.085,1.320) | 1.095(0.989,1.213) | 1.006(0.905,1.118) | |
| Strong | 0.948(0.783,1.148) | 1.085(0.886,1.329) | 0.966(0.784,1.189) | 0.892(0.720,1.107) | |
| Femalesa | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | 0.012 |
| Weak | 0.632(0.591,0.676) | 0.964(0.891,1.042) | 0.970(0.896,1.050) | 0.929(0.856,1.008) | |
| Moderate | 0.522(0.473,0.577) | 0.975(0.869,1.094) | 0.949(0.844,1.066) | 0.899(0.798,1.014) | |
| Strong | 0.707(0.569,0.880) | 0.939(0.734,1.200) | 0.856(0.667,1.099) | 0.757(0.587,0.977) | |
| Years of eating spicy food-to-age ratio | |||||
| Total | 2.213(1.926,2.543) | 0.789(0.680,0.915) | 0.752(0.647,0.875) | 0.719(0.616,0.840) | <0.001 |
| Malesa | 1.965(1.620,2.384) | 0.862(0.702,1.057) | 0.820(0.666,1.010) | 0.833(0.671,1.033) | 0.097 |
| Femalesa | 2.696(2.195,3.310) | 0.727(0.585,0.904) | 0.688(0.552,0.857) | 0.632(0.505,0.792) | <0.001 |
Model 1: original model without any adjustments
Model 2: adjusted for age, gender (male or female), household income (< 12 000 yuan, 12 000–19 999 yuan, 20 000–59 999 yuan,60 000–99 999 yuan, ≥ 100 000 yuan), family history of hypertension (yes or no)
Model 3: adjusted for model 2 plus smoking status (never, former, and current), alcohol drinking (continuous), physical activity (continuous), total energy intake per day (continuous), DASH score (continuous), snoring (no, occasionally, habitual)
Model 4: adjusted for model 3 plus BMI (continuous), waist circumference (continuous), dyslipidemia (yes or no), diabetes (yes or no)
awithout adjustment for gender