Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of the study participants in India
| Variable | India | Chhattisgarh | Tamil Nadu | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NFHS-4 | NFHS-5 | NFHS-4 | NFHS-5 | NFHS-4 | NFHS-5 | |
| (2015-16) | (2019-21) | (2015-16) | (2019-21) | (2015-16) | (2019-21) | |
| N | N | N | N | N | N | |
| (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | |
| Caste | ||||||
| Scheduled Castes | 35,151 | 35,271 | 753 | 824 | 1,848 | 1,469 |
| (19.2) | (21.0) | (11.1) | (13.0) | (30.0) | (28.2) | |
| Scheduled Tribes | 37,856 | 35,379 | 2,858 | 2,779 | 111 | 91 |
| (20.7) | (21.1) | (42.1) | (43.8) | (1.8) | (1.7) | |
| Other Backward Castes | 74,033 | 67,024 | 2,683 | 2,523 | 4,111 | 3,572 |
| (40.5) | (39.9) | (39.5) | (39.8) | (66.8) | (68.4) | |
| Others | 35,869 | 30,373 | 495 | 220 | 89 | 87 |
| (19.6) | (18.1) | (7.3) | (3.5) | (1.5) | (1.7) | |
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu | 1,38,263 | 1,29,944 | 6,477 | 6,326 | 5,532 | 4,766 |
| (72.5) | (73.5) | (95.2) | (96.9) | (89.5) | (91.2) | |
| Muslim | 29,300 | 25,234 | 168 | 78 | 323 | 207 |
| (15.4) | (14.3) | (2.5) | (1.2) | (5.2) | (4.0) | |
| Others | 23,234 | 21,665 | 159 | 122 | 323 | 255 |
| (12.2) | (12.3) | (2.4) | (1.9) | (5.2) | (4.9) | |
| Type of Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 47,814 | 37,975 | 1,669 | 1,088 | 2,685 | 2,110 |
| (25.1) | (21.5) | (24.5) | (16.7) | (43.5) | (40.4) | |
| Rural | 1,42,983 | 1,38,868 | 5,135 | 5,438 | 3,493 | 3,118 |
| (74.9) | (78.5) | (75.5) | (83.3) | (56.5) | (59.6) | |
| Woman’s education level | ||||||
| Illiterate | 55,105 | 35,976 | 1,720 | 1,528 | 343 | 84 |
| (28.9) | (20.3) | (25.3) | (23.4) | (5.6) | (1.6) | |
| Primary | 26,696 | 21,737 | 1,327 | 853 | 430 | 240 |
| (14.0) | (12.3) | (19.5) | (13.1) | (7.0) | (4.6) | |
| Secondary | 88,847 | 92,624 | 3,191 | 3,519 | 3,976 | 2,797 |
| (46.6) | (52.4) | (46.9) | (53.9) | (64.4) | (53.5) | |
| Higher | 20,149 | 26,506 | 566 | 626 | 1,429 | 2,107 |
| (10.6) | (15.0) | (8.3) | (9.6) | (23.1) | (40.3) | |
| Age at marriage | ||||||
| Below 18 Years | 66,368 | 53,629 | 2,223 | 1,710 | 1,200 | 791 |
| (35.6) | (30.3) | (33.3) | (26.2) | (19.7) | (15.1) | |
| 18 Years or Above | 1,21,174 | 1,23,214 | 4,459 | 4,808 | 4,878 | 4,436 |
| (64.6) | (69.7) | (66.7) | (73.8) | (80.3) | (84.9) | |
| Exposure to media | ||||||
| Nil | 49,336 | 48,997 | 1,359 | 1,965 | 114 | 204 |
| (25.9) | (27.7) | (20.0) | (30.1) | (1.9) | (3.9) | |
| Partial | 1,26,851 | 1,15,724 | 5,079 | 4,202 | 5,019 | 4,536 |
| (66.5) | (65.4) | (74.7) | (64.4) | (81.2) | (86.8) | |
| Full | 14,610 | 12,122 | 366 | 359 | 1,045 | 488 |
| (7.7) | (6.9) | (5.4) | (5.5) | (16.9) | (9.3) | |
| Number of ANC visits | ||||||
| 0 | 35,395 | 11,462 | 305 | 339 | 566 | 185 |
| (18.6) | (6.5) | (4.5) | (5.2) | (9.2) | (3.5) | |
| 1–3 | 65,964 | 61,586 | 2,630 | 2,191 | 621 | 254 |
| (34.6) | (34.8) | (38.7) | (33.6) | (10.1) | (4.9) | |
| 4+ | 89,438 | 1,03,795 | 3,869 | 3,996 | 4,991 | 4,789 |
| (46.9) | (58.7) | (56.9) | (61.2) | (80.8) | (91.6) | |
| Woman’s age | ||||||
| 15–24 | 62,079 | 53,635 | 2,264 | 1,847 | 1,996 | 1,467 |
| (32.5) | (30.3) | (33.3) | (28.3) | (32.3) | (28.1) | |
| 25–34 | 1,07,471 | 1,04,032 | 3,934 | 4,041 | 3,828 | 3,339 |
| (56.3) | (58.8) | (57.8) | (61.9) | (62.0) | (63.9) | |
| 35–49 | 21,247 | 19,176 | 606 | 638 | 354 | 422 |
| (11.1) | (10.9) | (8.9) | (9.8) | (5.7) | (8.1) | |
| Size of child at birth | ||||||
| Small | 22,722 | 17,696 | 628 | 665 | 574 | 471 |
| (12.2) | (10.1) | (9.4) | (10.2) | (9.3) | (9.0) | |
| Average | 1,30,586 | 1,24,392 | 5,107 | 4,465 | 4,008 | 3,899 |
| (69.9) | (71.2) | (76.3) | (68.6) | (65.0) | (74.6) | |
| Large | 33,476 | 32,619 | 957 | 1,375 | 1,582 | 855 |
| (17.9) | (18.7) | (14.3) | (21.1) | (25.7) | (16.4) | |
| Woman’s BMI | ||||||
| Underweight | 43,161 | 35,426 | 1,789 | 1,651 | 871 | 609 |
| (22.9) | (20.0) | (26.5) | (25.9) | (14.3) | (11.9) | |
| Normal | 1,39,472 | 1,08,342 | 4,859 | 4,624 | 4,775 | 3,843 |
| (74.1) | (61.3) | (71.9) | (72.5) | (78.2) | (75.2) | |
| Overweight | 5,569 | 33,075 | 107 | 101 | 464 | 661 |
| (3.0) | (18.7) | (1.6) | (1.6) | (7.6) | (12.9) | |
| Pregnancy complications | ||||||
| No | 1,10,217 | 1,07,010 | 3,827 | 4,358 | 3,429 | 3,623 |
| (57.8) | (60.5) | (56.3) | (66.8) | (55.5) | (69.3) | |
| Present | 80,580 | 69,833 | 2,977 | 2,168 | 2,749 | 1,605 |
| (42.2) | (39.5) | (43.8) | (33.2) | (44.5) | (30.7) | |
| Ever had a terminated pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 1,60,970 | 1,50,580 | 5,801 | 5,957 | 5,304 | 4,335 |
| (84.4) | (85.2) | (85.3) | (91.3) | (85.9) | (82.9) | |
| Yes | 29,827 | 26,263 | 1,003 | 569 | 874 | 893 |
| (15.6) | (14.9) | (14.7) | (8.7) | (14.2) | (17.1) | |
| Birth Order | ||||||
| 1 | 61,803 | 59,620 | 2,184 | 2,156 | 2,496 | 2,112 |
| (32.4) | (33.7) | (32.1) | (33.0) | (40.4) | (40.4) | |
| 2 | 62,468 | 62,370 | 2,374 | 2,280 | 2,823 | 2,451 |
| (32.7) | (35.3) | (34.9) | (34.9) | (45.7) | (46.9) | |
| 3 | 33,041 | 29,883 | 1,263 | 1,201 | 709 | 576 |
| (17.3) | (16.9) | (18.6) | (18.4) | (11.5) | (11.0) | |
| 4+ | 33,485 | 24,970 | 983 | 889 | 150 | 89 |
| (17.6) | (14.1) | (14.5) | (13.6) | (2.4) | (1.7) | |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Poor | 90,463 | 85,348 | 4,061 | 4,112 | 1,134 | 901 |
| (47.4) | (48.3) | (59.7) | (63.0) | (18.4) | (17.2) | |
| Non-poor | 1,00,334 | 91,495 | 2,743 | 2,414 | 5,044 | 4,327 |
| (52.6) | (51.7) | (40.3) | (37.0) | (81.7) | (82.8) | |
| Place of delivery | ||||||
| Public | 1,05,615 | 1,14,952 | 3,905 | 4,684 | 4,069 | 3,445 |
| (71.3) | (74.1) | (79.2) | (84.3) | (66.4) | (66.1) | |
| Private | 42,570 | 40,280 | 1,023 | 874 | 2,061 | 1,766 |
| (28.7) | (26.0) | (20.8) | (15.7) | (33.6) | (33.9) | |