Table 3.
Definition of vitamin D status and supplementation criteria.
| NO | Title | Year | Society/Organization | Diagnostic standards | Supplementary standards | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe deficiency | Deficiency | Insufficiency | Sufficiency | toxicity | |||||
| 1 | Guidelines for Preventing and Treating Vitamin D Deficiency: A 2023 Update in Poland (62) | 2023 | Nutrition-related expert groups | - | <20 ng/mL | 20–30 ng/mL | 30-50 ng/mL | - | [1] 0–6 months: 400 IU/day; [2] 6–12 months: 400–600 IU/day; [3] 1–3 years: 600 IU/day; [4] 4–10 years: 600–1000 IU/day; [5] Adolescents (11–18 Years): 1000–2000 IU/day; [6] Adults (19–65 Years):1000–2000 IU/day; [7] Younger Seniors (>65–75 Years): 1000–2000 IU/day; [8] Older Seniors (>75–89 Years) and the Oldest Old Seniors (90 Years and Older): 2000–4,000 IU/day; [9] Pregnancy and Lactation: 2000 IU/day |
| 2 | Definition,Assessment, and Management of Vitamin D Inadequacy: Suggestions, Recommendations, and Warnings from the Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases (63) | 2022 | Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases |
– | <10 ng/mL | <20 ng/mL | 20-50 ng/mL | - | No mention |
| 3 | Vitamin D and calcium intakes in general pediatric populations: A French expert consensus paper (64) | 2022 | Group of Experts in Paediatric Related Medicine | <10 ng/mL | <20 ng/mL | 20–29 ng/mL | 30-60 ng/mL | >80 ng/mL | [1] 0–18 years: 400 IU - 800 IU vitD/ day; [2] 2–18 years: intermittent supplementation in the case of non adherence, vitD3 with either 50,000 IU quarterly or 80,000–100,000 IU twice in fall and winter. |
| 4 | Clinical Practice in the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency: A Central and Eastern European Expert Consensus Statement (65) | 2022 | Group of Experts in Paediatric Related Medicine | - | <20 ng/mL | 20–30 ng/mL | 30-50 ng/mL | >100 ng/mL | [1] Healthy adults: 800–2000 IU/day; [2] Elderly(>65 years): 800–2000 IU/day; [3] Hospitalized/institutionalized individuals: 800–2000 IU/day; |
| 5 | Indian Academy of Pediatrics Revised (2021) Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency and Rickets (66) | 2021 | Indian Academy of Pediatrics | - | <12 ng/mL | 12–20 ng/mL | >20 ng/mL | - | [1] Infancy:400 IU/day; [2] Childhood:400 IU/day; [3] Adolescents:600 IU/day; |
| 6 | Vitamin D testing (67) | 2019 | Clinical Practice Guidelines and Protocols in British Columbia | - | 12 ng/mL | 12–20 ng/mL | ≥20 ng/mL | >50 ng/mL | [1] Infants 0–6 months: 400 IU (10 μg)/D allowance;1,000 IU (25 μg)/D tolerable upper intake level; [2] Infants 7–12 months: 400 IU (10 μg)/D allowance;1,500 IU (38 μg)/D tolerable upper intake level; [3] Children 1–3 years: 600 IU (15 μg)/D allowance; 2,500 IU (63 μg)/D tolerable upper intake level; [4] Children 4–8 years: 600 IU (15 μg)/D allowance; 3,000 IU (75 μg)/D tolerable upper intake level; [5] Children and adults 9–70 years (including pregnant and lactating women): 600 IU(15 μg)/D allowance; 4,000 IU(100 μg)/D tolerable upper intake level; [6] Adults >70 years: 800 IU (20 μg)/D allowance; 4,000 IU (100 μg)/D tolerable upper intake level |
| 7 | Vitamin D in pediatric age: consensus of the Italian Pediatric Society and the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics,jointly with the Italian Federation of Pediatricians (68) | 2018 | Italian Pediatric Society and the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics |
<10 ng/mL | <20 ng/mL | 20–29 ng/mL | ≥30 ng/mL | – | [1] 0–12 months (1) Infants without risk factors: 400 IU/day (2) Infants with risk factors: 1000 IU/day [2] 1–18 years (1) 600–1,000 IU/day |
| 8 | Vitamin D Supplementation Guidelines for General Population and Groups at Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency in Poland —Recommendations of the Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Expert Panel with Participation of National Specialist Consultants and Representatives of Scientific Societies—2018 Update (69) | 2018 | Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Expert Panel with Participation of National Specialist Consultants and Representatives of Scientific Societies | <10 ng/mL | 10-20 ng/mL | 20–30 ng/mL | 30-50 ng/mL | >100 ng/mL | [1] 0-6 months:400 IU/day; [2] 6–12 months: 400–600 IU/day; [3] 2–10 years: 600–1,000 IU/day; [4] 11–18 years: 800–2000 IU/day; [5] >18 years: 800–2000 IU/day; [6] >75 years: 2000–4,000 IU/day; [7] Pregnancy and lactation:2000 IU/day; |
| 9 | Assessment criteria for vitamin D deficiency/ insufficiency in Japan—proposal by an expert panel supported by Research Program of Intractable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, The Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research and The Japan Endocrine Society (70) | 2017 | An expert panel supported by Research Program of Intractable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare | - | <20 ng/mL | 20–30 ng/mL | ≥30 ng/mL | - | No mention |
| 10 | Assessment criteria for vitamin D deficiency/ insufficiency in Japan: proposal by an expert panel supported by the Research Program of Intractable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, the Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research and the Japan Endocrine Society (70) | 2017 | Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Japan Endocrine Society | - | <20 ng/mL | 20–29 ng/mL | ≥30 ng/mL | - | No mention |
| 11 | Clinical practice guidelines for vitamin D in the United Arab Emirates (71) | 2016 | United Arab Emirates | - | <20 ng/mL | 20–29 ng/mL | ≥30 ng/mL | - | [1] Breastfed infants: 400 IU/day up to age 6 months, 400–600 IU/day between 6 and 12 months; [2] Children and adolescents of age 1–18 years:600–1,000 IU/day; [3] > 18 years: 1000–2000 IU/day; [4] The elderly (over 65 years): 2000 IU/day; [5] Pregnant and breast feed women: 2000 IU/day; [6] Premature infants: 400–800 IU/day; [7] Obese, individuals and those with metabolic syndrome: 2000 IU/day; [8] Individuals with dark skin complexions and for night workers: 1000–2000 IU/day; |
| 12 | Global Consensus Recommendations on Prevention and Management of Nutritional Rickets (72) | 2016 | Global Consensus for rickets | - | <12 ng/mL | 12–19 ng/mL | ≥20 ng/mL | >100 ng/mL | The supplemental quantities mentioned in the article are all for nutritional rickets and osteomalacia |
| 13 | Vitamin D and bone health: a practical clinical guideline for management in children and young people (73) | 2015 | National Osteoporosis Society | - | <10 ng/mL | 10–20 ng/mL | >20 ng/mL | [1] 1–6 months: 3,000 IU orally daily for 8–12 weeks; [2] 6 months to 12 years: 6,000 IU orally daily for 8–12 weeks; [3] 12–18 years: 10,000 IU orally daily for 8–12 weeks; a single or divided oral dose totalling 300,000 units. |
|
| 14 | Pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria for rickets and osteomalacia—proposal by an expert panel supported by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, the Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research, and the Japan Endocrine Society (74) |
2015 | Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Japan Endocrine Society | - | <20 ng/mL | - | - | - | No mention |
| 15 | Optimizing bone health in children and adolescents (75) | 2014 | American Academy of Pediatrics | - | <20 ng/mL | - | ≥20 ng/mL | >80 ng/mL | [1] 0–18 years: minimum of 400 IU /day, maximum of 800 IU /day; [2] 2–18 years:50,000 IU quarterly or 80,000–100,000 IU twice in fall and winter; |
| 16 | Vitamin D in the Healthy European Paediatric Population (76) | 2013 | European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition |
<10 ng/mL | <20 ng/mL | - | ≥20 ng/mL | >96 ng/mL | [1] Infants: 400 IU/day, <1,000 IU/day; [2] 1–10 years: <2000 IU/day; [3] 11–17 years: <4,000 IU/day |
| 17 | Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe - recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency (77) | 2013 | Central Europe | - | <20 ng/mL | 20–29 ng/mL | ≥30 ng/mL | - | [1] 0-6 months:400 IU/day; [2] 6–12 months: 400–600 IU/day; [3] 2–18 years: 600–1,000 IU/day; [4] > 18 years: 800–2000 IU/day; [5] Pregnancy and lactation: 1500–2000 IU/day. |
| 18 | Recommended Vitamin D Intake and Management of Low Vitamin D Status in Adolescents: A Position Statement of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine (78) |
2013 | Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine | - | <20 ng/mL | 20–29 ng/mL | ≥30 ng/mL | >200 ng/mL | [1] Healthy adolescents: 600 IU /day [2] Deficiency or insufficiency adolescents: at least 1,000 IU /day |
| 19 | Vitamin D and health in pregnancy, infants, children and adolescents in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement (79) | 2013 | Australia/New Zealand | <5 ng/mL | 5–11 ng/mL | 12–19 ng/mL | ≥20 ng/mL | >200 ng/mL | [1] Preterm (1) Mild deficiency:Treatment: 200–400 IU/day; Maintenance and prevention:200–400 IU/day; (2) Moderate or severe deficiency: Treatment:800 IU/day; Maintenance and prevention:200–400 IU/day; [2] < 3 months old (1) Mild deficiency:Treatment: 400 IU/day for 3 months; Maintenance and prevention:400 IU/day; (2) Moderate or severe deficiency: Treatment:1000 IU/day for 3 months; Maintenance and prevention:400 IU/day; [3] 3–12 months old (1) Mild deficiency:Treatment: 400 IU/day for 3 months; Maintenance and prevention:400 IU/day; (2) Moderate or severe deficiency: Treatment:1000 IU/day for 3 months, or 50,000 IU stat and review after 1 month (consider repeating dose); Maintenance and prevention:400 IU/day; [4] 1–18 years old (1) Mild deficiency:Treatment: 1000–2000 IU/day for 3 months, or 150,000 IU stat; Maintenance and prevention:400 IU/day or 150,000 IU at start of Autumn; (2) Moderate or severe deficiency: Treatment:1000–2000 IU/day for 6 months, or 3,000–4,000 IU/day for 3 months, or 150,000 IU stat and repeat 6 weeks later; Maintenance and prevention:400 IU/day or 150,000 IU at start of Autumn; |