Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| KAROLA-I | KAROLA-II | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1999/2000 | Year 2009–2011 | ||
| Characteristic | (n = 1130) | (n = 860) | p-value |
| Age (years) | 58.7 (8.1) | 60.4 (8.0) | < 0.001a |
| Men, n (%) | 954 (84.4) | 717 (83.4) | 0.567b |
| Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | 26.9 (3.2) | 27.7 (3.8) | < 0.001a |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2), n (%) | 176 (15.6) | 209 (24.3) | < 0.001b |
| School education < 10 years, n (%) | 673 (59.6) | 413 (48.0) | < 0.001b |
| Physical activity (hours/week) | |||
| Within past year | 6.5 (7.6) | 6.5 (6.8) | 0.979a |
| At 1-year follow-up | 7.3 (6.5) | 6.7 (7.2) | 0.123a |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.149b | ||
| Never | 354 (31.3) | 265 (30.8) | |
| Former | 716 (63.4) | 531 (61.7) | |
| Current | 60 (5.3) | 64 (7.4) | |
| History of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 197 (17.4) | 165 (19.2) | 0.345b |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 621 (55.0) | 501 (58.3) | 0.069b |
| History of myocardial infarction, n (%) | 668 (59.1) | 431 (50.1) | < 0.001b |
| History of heart failure, n (%) | 133 (11.8) | 94 (10.9) | 0.029b |
| History of peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 47 (4.2) | 32 (3.7) | 0.704b |
| Clinical score (angiographic evaluation), n (%) | 0.027b | ||
| 0 vessel disease | 16 (1.4) | 4 (0.5) | |
| 1 vessel disease | 281 (24.9) | 212 (24.7) | |
| 2 vessel disease | 298 (26.4) | 222 (25.8) | |
| 3 vessel disease | 478 (42.3) | 354 (41.2) | |
| Unknown | 57 (5.0) | 68 (7.9) | |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 73.2 (9.8) | 70.0 (9.7) | < 0.001a |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.8 (15.5) | 119.8 (13.6) | 0.979a |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention, n (%) | 435 (38.5) | 508 (59.1) | < 0.001b |
| Coronary artery bypass grafting, n (%) | 530 (46.9) | 303 (35.2) | < 0.001b |
Values are reported as absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables and means (standard deviations) for continuous variables
aOne-way ANOVA
bChi-square test