Table 2.

Bivariable and multivariable generalized estimating equations analyses of factors associated with police seizure of drugs without arrest among people who used drugs daily in Vancouver, Canada, 2019–2021 (n = 995)

Characteristic	Odds ratio
	Unadjusted (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted (95% CI)	P-value
Year of interview (2021 vs. 2019–2020)	1.10 (0.67–1.79)	0.708	–
Age (per year older)	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	< 0.001	0.97 (0.94–0.99)	0.008
Self-identified as white	1.35 (0.80–2.28)	0.267	–
Self-identified as a mana	1.68 (0.97–2.91)	0.066	1.98 (1.10–3.56)	0.023
≥ Daily unregulated opioids usea,b	2.83 (1.51–5.30)	0.001	–
≥ Daily unregulated stimulants usea,c	2.22 (1.30–3.81)	0.004	–
≥ Daily cannabis usea	0.49 (0.27–0.91)	0.025	–
Opioid withdrawala	2.37 (1.37–4.11)	0.002	–
Always/usually injected drugs in public placesa	3.34 (1.80–6.18)	< 0.001	–
Non-fatal overdosea	2.07 (1.23–3.47)	0.006	–
Administered naloxone to someonea	2.89 (1.71–4.89)	< 0.001	2.15 (1.23–3.76)	0.007
Homelessa	3.10 (1.85–5.20)	< 0.001	1.98 (1.09–3.61)	0.026
Sex worka	1.60 (0.83–3.08)	0.161	–
Working in the unregulated drug marketa	5.86 (3.50–9.78)	< 0.001	4.93 (2.87–8.49)	< 0.001
Street-based income generationa	1.67 (1.02–2.74)	0.041	–
Incarcerationa	10.59 (6.09–18.41)	< 0.001	–
Inability to access health and/or social servicesa	1.94 (1.14–3.32)	0.015	–

CI: Confidence interval

^aRefers to behaviours and events in the 6 months prior to an interview

^bUnregulated opioids include heroin, fentanyl, down, speedball, or goofball

^cUnregulated stimulants include crystal methamphetamine, powder/crack cocaine, speedball, or goofball