Comparison 4. Exercise therapy versus other conservative treatment (Tx).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
4.1 Pain	11		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.1.1 Pain (short term)	11	1443	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.13, 0.13]
4.1.2 Pain (intermediate term)	6	869	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.16, 0.12]
4.1.3 Pain (long term)	4	726	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.15, 0.14]
4.1.4 Pain (very long term)	1	293	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.54, 0.45]
4.2 Functional status	11		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.2.1 Functional status (short term)	11	1494	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [‐0.03, 0.18]
4.2.2 Functional status (intermediate term)	6	876	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.13, 0.14]
4.2.3 Functional status (long term)	5	895	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.17, 0.10]
4.2.4 Functional status (very long term)	1	293	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.32, 0.17]
4.3 Perceived recovery	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
4.3.1 Perceived recovery (short term)	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
4.4 Return to work	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
4.4.1 Return to work (short term)	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
4.5 Return to work	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.5.1 Number of days' sick leave (intermediate term)	1	100	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐9.70 [‐14.31, ‐5.09]
4.5.2 Number of days' sick leave (long term)	2	182	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐12.05 [‐27.19, 3.09]
4.6 Return to work	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
4.6.1 Sickness absence at least one day in 12 months	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected