Table 1.
Demographic, smoking, and substance use characteristics at baseline (N = 46).
| Demographic and tobacco smoking characteristics | Total group (N = 46) | Not smoking at birth (N = 15) | Smoking at birth (N = 31) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years M (SD) | 31.3 (6.2) | 32.6 (5.5) | 30.6 (6.5) | 0.30 |
| Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, yes N (%) | 10 (22%) | 3 (20%) | 7 (23%) | 1.00 |
| Education, high school only N (%) | 26 (59%) | 5 (33%) | 21 (72%) | 0.02* |
| Income, government support N (%) | 33 (75%) | 13 (87%) | 20 (69%) | 0.28 |
| Relationship status, single N (%) | 20 (45%) | 7 (47%) | 13 (45%) | 1.00 |
| Living arrangements, renting N (%) | 28 (64%) | 9 (60%) | 19 (66%) | 0.75 |
| Gestation at screening M (SD) | 22.3 (5.8) | 20.7 (5.3) | 23.2 (6.0) | 0.16 |
| Current smoking, same or more than pre-pregnancy levels N (%) | 20 (46%) | 7 (47%) | 13 (45%) | 0.76 |
| Cigarettes smoked/day Mdn (IQR) | 10 (6–20) | 7 (3–20) | 10 (7–20) | 0.22 |
| Time to the first cigarette, within 30 min of waking N (%) | 25 (58%) | 6 (40%) | 19 (68%) | 0.11 |
| Heaviness of Smoking Index classification | ||||
| Low N (%) | 29 (63%) | 10 (66%) | 19 (61%) | 0.77 |
| Moderate N (%) | 13 (28%) | 5 (33%) | 8 (26%) | 0.85 |
| High N (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| CO ppm at baseline Mdn (IQR) | 15 (8–26) | 13 (9–29) | 15 (8–25) | 0.84 |
| Previous quit attempts, yes N (%) | 36 (86%) | 13 (93%) | 23 (82%) | 0.65 |
| Smokers in household, > 1 N (%) | 33 (75%) | 11 (73%) | 22 (76%) | 1.00 |
| Smoking allowed inside a house, yes N (%) | 12 (28%) | 3 (20%) | 9 (31%) | 0.50 |
| Smoking allowed inside the car including when children present, yes N (%) | 32 (74%) | 10 (71%) | 22 (76%) | 1.00 |
| Health and wellbeing | ||||
| Anxiety, number in moderate to severe category, N (%)a | 13 (28%) | 6 (40%) | 7 (30%) | 0.73 |
| Depression, number in moderate to severe category, N (%)b | 14 (38%) | 8 (57%) | 6 (26%) | 0.09 |
| Experienced childhood trauma, N (%)c | 17 (45%) | 7 (47%) | 10 (44%) | 1.00 |
| Self-reported quality of life, M (SD)d | 6.9 (1.8) | 6.1 (1.4) | 7.3 (1.9) | 0.04* |
| Self-reported mental health M (SD) | 5.6 (2.2) | 5.6 (1.9) | 5.6 (2.5) | 0.91 |
| Self-reported physical health M (SD) | 5.9 (2.3) | 5.1 (2.0) | 6.4 (2.4) | 0.07 |
| Self-reported substance/s of concern | ||||
| Cannabis N (%) | 28 (61%) | 9 (60%) | 19 (61%) | 0.93 |
| Amphetamines N (%) | 11 (24%) | 5 (33%) | 6 (19%) | 0.46 |
| Alcohol N (%) | 9 (20%) | 2 (13%) | 7 (23%) | 0.70 |
| Benzodiazepines N (%) | 3 (7%) | 2 (13%) | 1 (3%) | 0.24 |
| Opioids N (%) | 3 (7%) | 1 (7%) | 2 (6%) | 1.00 |
| Therapeutic drugs | ||||
| Opiate agonists N (%) | 7 (15%) | 4 (27%) | 3 (10%) | 0.19 |
a
Identified using GAD-7, a brief screening measure for symptoms of anxiety.
b
Identified using PHQ-9, a brief screening measure for symptoms of depression.
c
Self-reported moderate to severe experience of emotional, physical or sexual abuse and/or emotional or physical neglect as per Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). N = 38.
d
Self-rated score on 0 to 10 visual analog scale, where 0 = poor and 10 = good.
*
Indicates results significant at the 0.05 level.