TABLE 1.
Patient, clinician, and hospital demographics for patients presenting to the ED for an opioid-related diagnosis stratified by race.
| Black (n = 858) | White (n = 3613) | American Indian or Alaska Native (n = 13) | Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (n = 7) | Asian (n = 15) | Other (n = 380) | Unknown or not reported (n = 161) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant characteristics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 42.8 (±14.3) | 38.6 (±12.7) | 44.2 (±14.4) | 32.0 (±11.7) | 33.3 (±10.7) | 36.9 (±13.1) | 38.0 (±14.3) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 257 (30.0) | 1315 (36.4) | 4 (30.8) | 2 (28.6) | 6 (40.0) | 98 (25.8) | 48 (29.8) |
| Male | 601 (70.0) | 2298 (63.6) | 9 (69.2) | 5 (71.4) | 9 (60.0) | 282 (74.2) | 113 (70.2) |
| Insurance | |||||||
| Medicaid | 363 (42.3) | 1226 (34.3) | 5 (38.5) | 4 (57.1) | 8 (61.5) | 236 (63.1) | 57 (35.8) |
| Medicare | 132 (15.4) | 404 (11.3) | 5 (38.5) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (7.7) | 36 (9.6) | 8 (5.0) |
| Private | 124 (14.5) | 932 (26.1) | 2 (15.4) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (7.7) | 22 (5.9) | 35 (22.0) |
| Self-pay | 209 (24.4) | 887 (24.8) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (14.3) | 3 (23.1) | 74 (19.8) | 55 (34.6) |
| Diagnosis | |||||||
| Opioid overdose | 307 (35.8) | 1255 (34.7) | 5 (38.5) | 3 (42.9) | 7 (46.7) | 116 (30.5) | 61 (37.9) |
| Opioid withdrawal | 106 (12.4) | 644 (17.8) | 2 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (13.3) | 79 (20.8) | 25 (15.5) |
| ED clinician characteristics | |||||||
| Clinician gender | |||||||
| Female | 234 (27.3) | 1001 (27.7) | 5 (38.5) | 2 (28.6) | 3 (20.0) | 112 (29.5) | 37 (23.0) |
| Male | 592 (69.0) | 2408 (66.6) | 8 (61.5) | 5 (71.4) | 12 (80.0) | 262 (68.9) | 118 (73.3) |
| Clinician age (years) | |||||||
| <35 | 142 (17.2) | 657 (19.3) | 3 (23.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | 49 (13.1) | 31 (20.0) |
| 35–44 | 367 (44.4) | 1373 (40.3) | 4 (30.8) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (60.0) | 162 (43.3) | 71 (45.8) |
| >45 | 317 (38.4) | 1379 (40.5) | 6 (46.2) | 7 (100.0) | 5 (33.3) | 163 (43.6) | 53 (34.2) |
| Clinician DEA X-waiver | |||||||
| Waivered before trial | 389 (45.3) | 1522 (42.1) | 6 (46.2) | 2 (28.6) | 7 (46.7) | 105 (27.6) | 73 (45.3) |
| Waivered during trial | 152 (17.7) | 600 (16.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (20.0) | 44 (11.6) | 26 (16.1) |
| Not waivered | 285 (33.2) | 1285 (35.6) | 7 (53.8) | 5 (71.4) | 5 (33.3) | 225 (59.2) | 56 (34.8) |
| Unknown | 32 (3.7) | 206 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.6) | 6 (3.7) |
| Hospital characteristics | |||||||
| Type of ED | |||||||
| Community | 456 (53.1) | 2027 (56.1) | 9 (69.2) | 5 (71.4) | 12 (80.0) | 328 (86.3) | 71 (44.1) |
| Academic | 402 (46.9) | 1586 (43.9) | 4 (30.8) | 2 (28.6) | 3 (20.0) | 52 (13.7) | 90 (55.9) |
| Urbanicity | |||||||
| Rural | 67 (7.8) | 318 (8.8) | 2 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | 19 (5.0) | 10 (6.2) |
| Suburban | 81 (9.4) | 669 (18.5) | 2 (15.4) | 1 (14.3) | 3 (20.0) | 142 (37.4) | 28 (17.4) |
| Urban | 710 (82.8) | 2626 (72.7) | 9 (69.2) | 6 (85.7) | 11 (73.3) | 219 (57.6) | 123 (76.4) |
Note: Data are reported as mean (±SD) or n (%).