Table 3. Training Runtime of Different Models^a.

	RF				GNN
	molecular descriptors	Morgan FP	RDKit FP	MACCS-keys	GIN	GT	Vertical GNN
time/s	1.529 ± 0.024	1.163 ± 0.045	0.277 ± 0.005	0.687 ± 0.010	7.334 ± 0.609	17.138 ± 2.317	12.449 ± 0.640

^aAll runs were repeated 5 times and the measured times were reported in mean ± standard deviation.