Table 4 (Online).
Neurological and sensory outcomes at 18–26 months’ corrected age by social determinants of health at birth
| Characteristic† | Education | Insurance | Race | Any SDH Risk Factor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <High school grad | ≥High school grad | Public or None | Private | Black | White | Yes | No | |
| Survival and NDI ‡ | ||||||||
| NDI‡ | 519/1213 (43)*** | 1841/5192 (35) | 1611/3803 (42)*** | 749/2602 (29) | 1189/2861 (42)*** | 1171/3544 (33) | 1904/4643 (41)*** | 456/1762 (26) |
| Death (post-discharge) | 34/1410 (2)** | 85/6015 (1) | 94/4479 (2)*** | 25/2946 (1) | 79/3314 (2)*** | 40/4111 (1) | 105/5432 (2)*** | 14/1993 (1) |
| Bayley-III Scales | ||||||||
| Cognitive composite score | 84.4 (14.1)*** | 87.4 (15.8) | 84.6 (14.6)*** | 90.2 (16.2) | 84.7 (14.7)*** | 88.6 (15.9) | 84.9 (14.8)*** | 91.9 (16.3) |
| Language composite score | 78.7 (15.3)*** | 83.5 (17.7) | 79.9 (16.1)*** | 86.6 (18.3) | 80.3 (16.1)*** | 84.5 (18.1) | 80.2 (16.2)*** | 89.0 (18.6) |
| Motor composite, score€ | 84.3 (15.9)* | 85.7 (16.9) | 84.3 (16.5)*** | 87.2 (16.9) | 85.3 (16.6) | 85.6 (16.8) | 84.7 (16.6)*** | 87.6 (16.9) |
| Neurological Exam | ||||||||
| Moderate or severe cerebral palsy | 86/1239 (7) | 400/5308 (8) | 295/3898 (8) | 191/2649 (7) | 224/2935 (8) | 262/3612 (7) | 367/4758 (8) | 119/1789 (7) |
| Gross motor function level ≥2 | 112/1237 (9) | 523/5303 (10) | 382/3892 (10) | 253/2648 (10) | 274/2931 (9) | 361/3609 (10) | 470/4750 (10) | 165/1790 (9) |
| Bilateral blindness | 13/1239 (1) | 78/5308 (1) | 47/3896 (1) | 44/2651 (2) | 31/2934 (1)* | 60/3613 (2) | 59/4757 (1) | 32/1790 (2) |
| Bilateral hearing impairment | 45/1230 (4) | 142/5279 (3) | 120/3870 (3) | 67/2639 (3) | 94/2915 (3) | 93/3594 (3) | 147/4726 (3) | 40/1783 (2) |
| Follow-up Growth | ||||||||
| Weight Z-score§ | −0.3 (1.1) | −0.3 (1.1) | −0.3 (1.2) | −0.4 (1.1) | −0.2 (1.2)*** | −0.4 (1.1) | −0.3 (1.2)*** | −0.4 (1.1) |
| Length Z-score§ | −0.9 (1.5)** | −0.8 (1.3) | −0.8 (1.4)* | −0.7 (1.2) | −0.7 (1.4)*** | −0.9 (1.3) | −0.8 (1.4) | −0.8 (1.2) |
| OFC Z-score§ | −0.5 (1.7)*** | −0.3 (1.5) | −0.4 (1.6)*** | −0.2 (1.5) | −0.3 (1.5) | −0.3 (1.6) | −0.4 (1.6)*** | −0.2 (1.5) |
*
P < 0.05
**
P < 0.01
***
P < 0.001
†
Values are n/N (%) for categorical variables and mean (SD) for continuous variables.
‡
NDI, neurodevelopmental impairment, defined as any of the following: moderate or severe cerebral palsy, gross motor function classification system level 2 or greater, Bayley-III cognitive composite score <85, bilateral blindness with no or some functional vision, or hearing impairment with or without amplification
€
Bayley-III motor composite score consistently available beginning January 1, 2010.
§
Weight, length, and orbitofrontal circumference (OFC) Z-scores at follow-up are based on WHO child growth charts.