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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Epidemiology. 2023 Jul 31;34(5):661–672. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001643

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Effect measure modification (EMM) of conditional natural effects by covariates despite having no product terms in mediator or outcome regression model (i.e., Scenario 1).