Table 1. Epidemiological characteristics and co-infections of viral enteric pathogens in children with diarrhea and healthy individuals in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China, 2019.
| Variable | Subgroup |
Non-diarrhea, N=300
n (%) |
Diarrhea, N=630
n (%) |
χ 2 | P | OR (95% CIs) |
| Note: The “−” symbol indicates the data can not be calculated. Abbreviation: Cl=confidence interval; OR=odds ratio; RVA=human group A rotaviruses; NoVs=noroviruses; Ad=adenoviruses; As=astroviruses. | ||||||
| Age | < 24 months | 231 (77.0) | 472 (74.9) | 0.476 | 0.491 | 1 (reference) |
| 24–60 months | 69 (23.0) | 158 (25.1) | 1.121 (0.811, 1.549) | |||
| Gender | Female | 104 (34.7) | 215 (34.1) | 0.026 | 0.871 | 1 (reference) |
| Male | 196 (65.3) | 415 (65.9) | 1.024 (0.767, 1.368) | |||
| Season | Spring | 80 (26.7) | 255 (40.5) | 2.557 | 0.457 | 1 (reference) |
| Summer | 98 (32.7) | 144 (22.9) | 0.461 (0.322, 0.660) | |||
| Autumn | 51 (17.0) | 117 (18.6) | 0.720 (0.476, 1.089) | |||
| Winter | 71 (23.7) | 114 (18.1) | 0.504 (0.342, 0.743) | |||
| Subjects source | Outpatient | 244 (81.3) | 516 (81.9) | 0.044 | 0.833 | 1 (reference) |
| Inpatient | 56 (18.7) | 114 (18.1) | 0.963 (0.675, 1.372) | |||
| Lactose intolerance | No | 292 (97.3) | 618 (98.1) | 0.561 | 0.545 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 8 (2.7) | 12 (1.9) | 0.709 (0.287, 1.753) | |||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | No | 299 (99.7) | 620 (99.8) | − | 0.541 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.475 (0.030, 7.626) | |||
| Allergic purpura | No | 298 (99.3) | 628 (99.7) | − | 0.598 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 2 (0.7) | 2 (0.3) | 0.475 (0.067, 3.385) | |||
| Milk protein allergy | No | 299 (99.7) | 623 (98.9) | 1.442 | 0.231 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 7 (1.1) | 3.360 (0.411, 27.431) | |||
| Any viral pathogen | No | 249 (83.0) | 394 (62.5) | 39.873 | <0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 51 (17.0) | 236 (37.5) | 2.924 (2.078, 4.116) | |||
| Number of viral pathogens | No | 249 (83.0) | 394 (62.5) | 41.573 | <0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| Only one pathogen | 46 (15.3) | 192 (30.5) | 2.638 (1.843, 3.776) | |||
| Only two pathogens | 5 (1.7) | 41 (6.5) | 5.182 (2.021, 13.292) | |||
| Three pathogens | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.5) | − | |||
| RVA | No | 274 (91.3) | 460 (73.0) | 40.994 | <0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 26 (8.7) | 170 (27.0) | 3.895 (2.511, 6.041) | |||
| NoVs GII | No | 288 (96.0) | 559 (88.7) | 13.214 | <0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 12 (4.0) | 71 (11.3) | 3.048 (1.627, 5.712) | |||
| As | No | 287 (95.7) | 605 (96.0) | 0.069 | 0.793 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 13 (4.3) | 25 (4.0) | 0.912 (0.460, 1.809) | |||
| Ad | No | 295 (98.3) | 613 (97.3) | 0.937 | 0.333 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 5 (1.7) | 17 (2.7) | 1.636 (0.598, 4.478) | |||
| NoVs GI | No | 299 (99.7) | 629 (99.8) | 0.289 | 0.591 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.475 (0.030, 7.626) | |||
| Co-infection of any type | No | 294 (98.0) | 585 (92.9) | 10.371 | 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 6 (2.0) | 45 (7.1) | 3.769 (1.590, 8.937) | |||
| Co-infection of three pathogens | No | 300 (100.0) | 627 (99.5) | − | 0.555 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.5) | − | |||
| RVA-NoVs GII-As | No | 300 (100.0) | 629 (99.8) | − | 0.998 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | − | |||
| RVA-NoVs GII-Ad | No | 300 (100.0) | 628 (99.7) | − | 0.997 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.3) | − | |||
| Co-infection of two pathogens | No | 296 (98.7) | 600 (95.2) | 6.782 | 0.009 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 4 (1.3) | 30 (4.8) | 3.700 (1.293, 10.601) | |||
| RVA-NoVs GII | No | 298 (99.3) | 597 (94.8) | 11.726 | 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 2 (0.7) | 33 (5.2) | 8.236 (1.963, 34.556) | |||
| RVA-As | No | 299 (99.7) | 623 (98.9) | 1.442 | 0.231 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 7 (1.1) | 3.361 (0.412, 27.431) | |||
| RVA-Ad | No | 299 (99.7) | 623 (98.9) | 1.442 | 0.231 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 7 (1.1) | 3.361 (0.412, 27.431) | |||
| NoVs GII-As | No | 299 (99.7) | 629 (99.8) | 0.289 | 0.591 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.475 (0.030, 7.626) | |||
| NoVs GII-Ad | No | 300 (100.0) | 628 (99.7) | − | 0.997 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.3) | − | |||
| As-Ad | No | 299 (99.7) | 629 (99.8) | − | 0.591 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.475 (0.030, 7.626) | |||
| RVA single | No | 278 (92.7) | 504 (80.0) | 24.367 | <0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 22 (7.3) | 126 (20.0) | 3.159 (1.963, 5.085) | |||
| NoVs GII single | No | 291 (97.0) | 592 (94.0) | 3.893 | 0.048 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 9 (3.0) | 38 (6.0) | 2.089 (1.004, 4.364) | |||
| As single | No | 289 (96.3) | 612 (97.1) | 0.441 | 0.507 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 11 (3.7) | 18 (2.9) | 0.773 (0.360, 1.657) | |||
| Ad single | No | 296 (98.7) | 620 (98.4) | 0.088 | 0.766 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 4 (1.3) | 10 (1.6) | 1.194 (0.371, 3.837) | |||
| NoVs GI single | No | 299 (99.7) | 629 (99.8) | 0.289 | 0.591 | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.475 (0.030, 7.626) | |||