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. 2023 Aug 30;14:5289. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41030-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Polarization curves of the HER process at 55 nm Au and 55 nm Au@2.5 nm Ru surfaces in 0.1 M NaOH (Ar-saturated) with iR correction (i, current; R, resistance), 5 mV/s scanning rate and 1600 r.p.m. b In situ Raman spectra of the alkaline HER process at 55 nm Au@2.5 nm Ru electrode surfaces. c Raman spectrum (black) and Deuterium isotopic substitution Raman spectrum (red) of the alkaline HER at 55 nm Au@2.5 nm Ru surfaces at −0.35 V. d Models of Ru-RuO₂(110), Ru-reduced-RuO₂(110), Ru-RuO(100), and Ru(0001) surfaces. Ru: gray spheres; O: red spheres. e Normalized Raman intensities (blue) and frequency shifts (red) of the Ru-H band at low-valence state Ru(0) (circle) and high-valence state Ru (between +2 ∼ +4) (square) surfaces in the HER potential range. The solution is 0.1 M NaOH saturated with Ar.