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. 2023 Aug 16;7:e43526. doi: 10.2196/43526

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©Yik Wa Law, Rita Hui Ting Lok, Byron Chiang, Carmen Chui Shan Lai, Sik Hon Matthew Tsui, Pui Yin Joseph Chung, Siu Chung Leung. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 16.08.2023.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Formative Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://formative.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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The effects of the intervention on 4-item short-form Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS4) at the 4 time points, with intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis applied. BHS: Beck Hopelessness Scale; TAU: treatment as usual.