Table 10.
Mean (%) mortality ± standard error (SE) of T. confusum adults and larvae after 4 h, 8 h, 16 h, and 1–7 days on wheat treated with A. oleracea n-hexane and methanol extracts at two different concentrations
| Adults | n-Hexane extract 500 ppm | n-Hexane extract 1000 ppm | Methanol extract 500 ppm | Methanol extract 1000 ppm | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0B | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0B | - | - |
| 8 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0B | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0B | - | - |
| 16 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 2.2 ± 1.5AB | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0B | 2.3 | 0.10 |
| 1 day | 1.1 ± 1.1ab | 4.4 ± 1.8ABa | 0.0 ± 0.0b | 0.0 ± 0.0Bb | 4.1 | 0.01 |
| 2 days | 2.2 ± 1.5ab | 7.8 ± 3.6ABa | 0.0 ± 0.0b | 0.0 ± 0.0Bb | 3.7 | 0.02 |
| 3 days | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 8.9 ± 4.6AB | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.5AB | 1.3 | 0.29 |
| 4 days | 4.4 ± 2.4 | 11.1 ± 4.6AB | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 1.8AB | 1.7 | 0.18 |
| 5 days | 4.4 ± 2.4 | 14.4 ± 6.7AB | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 5.6 ± 2.4AB | 1.8 | 0.17 |
| 6 days | 5.6 ± 3.4ab | 18.9 ± 6.1Aa | 1.1 ± 1.1b | 1.1 ± 1.1b | 4.3 | 0.01 |
| 7 days | 6.7 ± 3.3ab | 18.9 ± 6.1Aa | 1.1 ± 1.1b | 7.8 ± 2.8Aab | 4.0 | 0.02 |
| F | 1.7 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 4.5 | ||
| P | 0.12 | < 0.01 | 0.83 | < 0.01 | ||
| Larvae | ||||||
| 4 h | 0.0 ± 0.0E | 0.0 ± 0.0D | 0.0 ± 0.0D | 0.0 ± 0.0D | - | - |
| 8 h | 0.0 ± 0.0E | 0.0 ± 0.0D | 0.0 ± 0.0D | 2.2 ± 1.5D | 2.3 | 0.10 |
| 16 h | 0.0 ± 0.0Eb | 3.3 ± 1.7Dab | 10.0 ± 6.7CDab | 11.1 ± 3.5Ca | 3.4 | 0.03 |
| 1 day | 7.8 ± 1.5D | 11.1 ± 3.1C | 16.7 ± 7.1BC | 17.8 ± 3.2BC | 0.7 | 0.55 |
| 2 days | 27.8 ± 3.2C | 33.3 ± 5.0B | 23.3 ± 6.2AB | 31.1 ± 3.5AB | 1.6 | 0.21 |
| 3 days | 46.7 ± 3.7BCab | 58.9 ± 6.1ABa | 32.2 ± 6.4ABc | 33.3 ± 3.3ABbc | 7.1 | < 0.01 |
| 4 days | 64.4 ± 4.1ABa | 70.0 ± 6.5ABa | 36.7 ± 7.6Ab | 40.0 ± 3.7ABb | 9.5 | < 0.01 |
| 5 days | 76.7 ± 5.3ABa | 77.8 ± 4.9Aa | 40.0 ± 7.6Ab | 45.6 ± 4.7Ab | 12.1 | < 0.01 |
| 6 days | 83.3 ± 4.4ABa | 84.4 ± 2.9Aa | 48.9 ± 7.5Ab | 66.7 ± 4.7Aa | 11.7 | < 0.01 |
| 7 days | 85.6 ± 3.8Aa | 88.9 ± 2.6Aa | 57.8 ± 8.3Ab | 80.0 ± 4.1Aa | 8.7 | < 0.01 |
| F | 239.2 | 93.1 | 36.0 | 44.4 | ||
| P | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||
Within each row, means followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (df = 3, 35; Tukey's HSD test at P = 0.05). Within each column, means followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different (df = 9, 89; Tukey's HSD test at P = 0.05). Where no letters exist, no significant differences were recorded. Where dashes exist, no statistical analysis was performed