Table 2.
Results of the screening of extraction techniques tested on A. oleracea
| Extraction technique | Concentration (g/100 g DE1)2 ± SD3 |
RSD%4 | Absolute amount of spilanthol extracted (g/100 g DB)5 ± SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ultrasound bath 1 h | 11.8 ± 0.3a | 2.7 | 1.2 ± 0.0bc |
| Ultrasound bath 3 h | 11.3 ± 0.8a | 7.4 | 1.3 ± 0.0b |
| Ultrasound extractor | 12.3 ± 0.3a | 2.5 | 0.9 ± 0.0c |
| Magnetic stirring 1 h | 10.9 ± 0.5a | 4.9 | 1.3 ± 0.1b |
| Magnetic stirring 3 h | 11.3 ± 0.7a | 6.3 | 1.4 ± 0.0b |
| Soxhlet | 7.6 ± 0.3b | 3.4 | 1.9 ± 0.2a |
| ANOVA F; df; P6 | 19.2937; 5; 0.0012 | 27.5567; 5; 0.0005 |
1DE, dry extract
2Mean concentration (g/100 g DE) represents the mean concentration of spilanthol found in each DE and it is the mean of two independent analyses
3SD, standard deviation
4RSD%, relative SD
5Amount of spilanthol (g/100 g) extracted from dry biomass
6ANOVA parameters. Within column, means followed by different letters are significantly different (Tukey's HSD test P = 0.05)