Table 5.
Mean (%) mortality ± standard error (SE) of C. ferrugineus adults and larvae after 4 h, 8 h, 16 h, and 1–7 days on wheat treated with A. oleracea n-hexane and methanol extracts at two different concentrations
| Adults | n-Hexane extract 500 ppm | n-Hexane extract 1000 ppm | Methanol extract 500 ppm | Methanol extract 1000 ppm | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 h | 0.0 ± 0.0Db | 3.3 ± 1.7Ca | 0.0 ± 0.0Cb | 0.0 ± 0.0Eb | 4.0 | 0.02 |
| 8 h | 12.2 ± 2.2Ca | 23.3 ± 4.1Ba | 2.2 ± 1.5Cb | 3.3 ± 1.7Db | 10.1 | < 0.01 |
| 16 h | 40.0 ± 3.7Ba | 55.6 ± 6.5Aa | 5.6 ± 2.9Cc | 12.2 ± 1.5Cb | 26.2 | < 0.01 |
| 1 day | 73.3 ± 4.7Aa | 91.1 ± 3.5Aa | 17.8 ± 4.3Bb | 24.4 ± 2.4Bb | 22.5 | < 0.01 |
| 2 days | 96.7 ± 1.7Aa | 100.0 ± 0.0Aa | 60.0 ± 7.3Ab | 70.0 ± 5.3Ab | 13.9 | < 0.01 |
| 3 days | 100.0 ± 0.0Aa | 100.0 ± 0.0Aa | 83.3 ± 6.0Ab | 92.2 ± 4.3Aab | 4.2 | 0.01 |
| 4 days | 100.0 ± 0.0Aa | 100.0 ± 0.0Aa | 93.3 ± 3.7Ab | 100.0 ± 0.0Aa | 3.1 | 0.04 |
| 5 days | 100.0 ± 0.0A | 100.0 ± 0.0A | 97.8 ± 1.5A | 100.0 ± 0.0A | 2.3 | 0.10 |
| 6 days | 100.0 ± 0.0A | 100.0 ± 0.0A | 100.0 ± 0.0A | 100.0 ± 0.0A | - | - |
| 7 days | 100.0 ± 0.0A | 100.0 ± 0.0A | 100.0 ± 0.0A | 100.0 ± 0.0A | - | - |
| F | 211.1 | 45.0 | 71.1 | 162.8 | ||
| P | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||
| Larvae | ||||||
| 4 h | 0.0 ± 0.0C | 0.0 ± 0.0D | 0.0 ± 0.0D | 0.0 ± 0.0D | - | - |
| 8 h | 0.0 ± 0.0C | 1.1 ± 1.1D | 0.0 ± 0.0D | 0.0 ± 0.0D | 1.0 | 0.41 |
| 16 h | 1.1 ± 1.1Cb | 20.0 ± 3.3Ca | 0.0 ± 0.0Db | 0.0 ± 0.0Db | 86.2 | < 0.01 |
| 1 day | 16.7 ± 4.1Bb | 42.2 ± 4.7Ba | 0.0 ± 0.0Dc | 1.1 ± 1.1Dc | 61.0 | < 0.01 |
| 2 days | 52.2 ± 5.2Aa | 75.6 ± 6.5Aa | 8.9 ± 3.1Cb | 12.2 ± 2.8Cb | 16.3 | < 0.01 |
| 3 days | 73.3 ± 3.7Aa | 87.8 ± 5.7Aa | 22.2 ± 3.2Bb | 23.3 ± 2.9Bb | 48.0 | < 0.01 |
| 4 days | 87.8 ± 2.8Aa | 91.1 ± 6.1Aa | 45.6 ± 2.9Abb | 54.4 ± 3.8Ab | 28.3 | < 0.01 |
| 5 days | 93.3 ± 2.4Aa | 95.6 ± 3.4Aa | 65.6 ± 4.4Ab | 67.8 ± 2.8Ab | 18.5 | < 0.01 |
| 6 days | 96.7 ± 2.4Aa | 98.9 ± 1.1Aa | 81.1 ± 4.8Ab | 92.2 ± 2.8Aab | 6.4 | < 0.01 |
| 7 days | 96.7 ± 2.4Aab | 98.9 ± 1.1Aa | 86.7 ± 4.7Ab | 100.0 ± 0.0Aa | 4.8 | 0.01 |
| F | 195.3 | 244.5 | 143.9 | 155.6 | ||
| P | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||
Within each row, means followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (df = 3, 35; Tukey's HSD test at P = 0.05). Within each column, means followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different (df = 9, 89; Tukey's HSD test at P = 0.05). Where no letters exist, no significant differences were recorded. Where dashes exist, no statistical analysis was performed