Table 1.
Descriptive analysis of participant characteristics based on tertiles of HEI-2015, PDI and PVD in NHANES (N = 27,915)
| Covariates | Overall | HEI-2015 | p trend | PDI | p trend | PVD | p trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | |||||
| Age (years) (median, IQR) | 49 (35, 65) | 41 (30, 54) | 46 (33, 58) | 52 (38, 65) | < 0.001 | 42 (30, 56) | 46 (34, 60) | 49 (36, 61) | < 0.001 | 45 (32, 58) | 46 (32, 60) | 47 (34, 60) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (n%) | |||||||||||||
| Male | 50.6 | 54.1 | 51.1 | 46.4 | < 0.001 | 52.7 | 49.5 | 49.5 | 0.001 | 53.7 | 49.5 | 48.8 | < 0.001 |
| Female | 49.4 | 45.9 | 48.9 | 53.6 | 47.3 | 50.5 | 50.5 | 46.3 | 50.5 | 51.2 | |||
| Race (n%) | |||||||||||||
| Mexican American | 7.8 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 6.8 | < 0.001 | 7.7 | 8.1 | 7.5 | < 0.001 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 8.2 | < 0.001 |
| Other Hispanic | 4.8 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 5 | 4.8 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 71.5 | 72.5 | 69.1 | 72.8 | 68.2 | 71.7 | 74.6 | 69.5 | 71.6 | 73.3 | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 9.6 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 8.2 | 12.6 | 9.4 | 6.9 | 12.8 | 9.4 | 6.8 | |||
| Other Race including multi-racial | 6.3 | 4.8 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 6.9 | |||
| Marital status (n%) | |||||||||||||
| Married/living with partner | 64.2 | 61.4 | 64.1 | 67.2 | < 0.001 | 58.8 | 64.5 | 69.2 | < 0.001 | 59.5 | 64.7 | 68 | < 0.001 |
| Widowed | 5.9 | 4.4 | 5.8 | 7.8 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 6 | |||
| Divorced | 10.0 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 9.3 | 11.4 | 10 | 8.8 | 12.4 | 9.6 | 8.3 | |||
| Separated | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.1 | |||
| Never married | 17.4 | 20.9 | 17.5 | 13.7 | 21.8 | 16.6 | 13.9 | 19.3 | 17.6 | 15.5 | |||
| Education (n%) | |||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 16.1 | 19 | 16.7 | 12.3 | < 0.001 | 19.3 | 19.3 | 16.1 | < 0.001 | 19.2 | 19.2 | 15.9 | < 0.001 |
| High school diploma (including GED) | 24.9 | 29.7 | 24.9 | 19.7 | 27.5 | 27.5 | 24.8 | 27 | 27 | 25.9 | |||
| More than high school | 59.1 | 51.3 | 58.3 | 68 | 53.2 | 53.2 | 59.1 | 53.8 | 53.8 | 58.2 | |||
| FPIR (median, IQR) | 3.1 (1.6, 5) | 2.7 (1.3, 4.7) | 3.1 (1.6, 5) | 3.6 (1.9, 5) | < 0.001 | 2.7 (1.4, 4.7) | 3.1 (1.6, 5) | 3.6 (1.9, 5) | < 0.001 | 2.8 (1.4, 4.8) | 3.1 (1.6, 5) | 3.5 (1.8, 5) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking (n%) | |||||||||||||
| Never smoked | 53.0 | 47.3 | 53 | 58.8 | < 0.001 | 49.8 | 53.5 | 55.6 | < 0.001 | 47.9 | 53.1 | 57.5 | < 0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 25.3 | 22.1 | 24.4 | 29.6 | 23 | 25 | 28 | 24.4 | 25.2 | 26.4 | |||
| Smoker | 21.7 | 30.6 | 22.6 | 11.5 | 27.2 | 21.5 | 16.4 | 27.7 | 21.7 | 16.1 | |||
| Physical activity level (n%) | |||||||||||||
| Low | 35.4 | 38.2 | 37 | 30.9 | < 0.001 | 36.3 | 37.1 | 32.8 | < 0.001 | 38 | 35.7 | 32.7 | < 0.001 |
| Moderate | 12.8 | 12.4 | 13 | 13.2 | 12.4 | 12.1 | 14 | 12.1 | 13 | 13.4 | |||
| High | 51.8 | 49.5 | 50 | 55.9 | 51.3 | 50.8 | 53.2 | 49.9 | 51.4 | 53.9 | |||
| Alcohol intake (gm) (median, IQR) | 0 (0, 3.7) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 13.2) | 0 (0, 11.2) | < 0.001 | 0 (0, 13) | 0 (0, 0.8) | 0 (0, 0.2) | < 0.001 | 0 (0, 11.2) | 0 (0, 1.6) | 0 (0, 0.5) | < 0.001 |
| CVD (n%) | |||||||||||||
| No | 91.5 | 92.4 | 92 | 90.2 | < 0.001 | 92.3 | 90.8 | 91.5 | 0.01 | 91 | 91.6 | 92 | 0.16 |
| Yes | 8.5 | 7.6 | 8 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 8.5 | 9 | 8.4 | 8 | |||
| Cancer (n%) | |||||||||||||
| No | 90.7 | 92 | 91.4 | 88.5 | < 0.001 | 91.6 | 90.9 | 89.5 | 0.001 | 91.2 | 90.9 | 89.9 | 0.08 |
| Yes | 9.3 | 8 | 8.6 | 11.5 | 8.4 | 9.1 | 10.5 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 10.1 | |||
| Hypertension (n%) | |||||||||||||
| No | 68.7 | 71.8 | 69.8 | 64.3 | < 0.001 | 69.7 | 68.5 | 68 | 0.23 | 67.6 | 68.8 | 69.7 | 0.09 |
| Yes | 31.3 | 28.2 | 30.2 | 35.7 | 30.3 | 31.5 | 32 | 32.4 | 31.2 | 30.3 | |||
| Arthritis (n%) | |||||||||||||
| No | 75.4 | 77.5 | 75.7 | 72.9 | < 0.001 | 77.6 | 74.6 | 73.9 | < 0.001 | 75.1 | 74.2 | 76.9 | 0.01 |
| Yes | 24.6 | 22.5 | 24.3 | 27.1 | 22.4 | 25.4 | 26.1 | 24.9 | 25.8 | 23.1 | |||
| Diabetes (n%) | |||||||||||||
| No | 88.7 | 90.2 | 89 | 86.7 | < 0.001 | 88.7 | 87.8 | 89.6 | 0.01 | 87.7 | 88.5 | 89.8 | 0.01 |
| Yes | 11.3 | 9.8 | 11 | 13.3 | 11.3 | 12.2 | 10.4 | 12.3 | 11.5 | 10.2 | |||
| Cholesterol (mean, SD) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 0.02 | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 0.09 | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 0.99 |
| BMI (mean, SD) | 28.3 (6.1) | 28.6 (6.2) | 28.4 (6.2) | 27.6 (5.8) | < 0.001 | 28.7 (6.4) | 28.3 (6.1) | 27.7 (5.8) | < 0.001 | 28.8 (6.5) | 28.3 (6.1) | 27.6 (5.7) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity (n%) | |||||||||||||
| No | 67.0 | 63.2 | 66.2 | 71.8 | < 0.001 | 63.9 | 66.4 | 70.7 | < 0.001 | 62.9 | 66.4 | 71.4 | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 33.0 | 36.8 | 33.8 | 28.2 | 36.1 | 33.6 | 29.3 | 37.1 | 33.6 | 28.6 | |||
| CRP (n%) | |||||||||||||
| < 1.0 mg/L | 34.4 | 31.6 | 33.9 | 37.9 | < 0.001 | 30.7 | 34.2 | 38.3 | < 0.001 | 30.2 | 33.7 | 39 | < 0.001 |
| 1.0–3.0 mg/L | 37.5 | 36.8 | 38.2 | 37.6 | 38 | 37.9 | 36.7 | 38.2 | 38.3 | 36.1 | |||
| > 3.0 mg/L | 28.1 | 31.6 | 27.9 | 24.5 | 31.3 | 27.9 | 25 | 31.7 | 28 | 24.9 | |||
HEI-2015 Healthy Eating Index-2015, PDI Plant-based dietary index, PVD pro-vegetarian diet, CRP C-reactive protein, FPIR family poverty income ratio, CVD cardiovascular diseases, BMI body mass index
ANOVA was used for quantitative variables and Pearson’s Chi-square test was used for categorical variables