Table 2.
Hazard Ratios of all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality risk based on tertiles of HEI-2015 and CRP
| HEI-2015 | Inflammation (CRP) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) | p trend | Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) | p trend | ||||
| T1 | T2 | T3 | Low | Moderate | Severe | |||
| All cause | ||||||||
| All population | ||||||||
| Death/Total | 331/3980 | 372/3980 | 446/3979 | 277/4032 | 470/4535 | 402/3372 | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.68–0.98) | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | 0.05 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) | 1.27 (1.05–1.54) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.69–0.99) | 0.88 (0.71–1.09) | 0.26 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) | 0.06 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 0.88 (0.71–1.09) | 0.25 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | 1.17 (0.97–1.43) | 0.08 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | 0.24 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) | 1.25 (1.03–1.53) | 0.02 |
| Obesity | ||||||||
| Death/Total | 89/1228 | 70/1095 | 101/1020 | 26/477 | 113/1305 | 121/1591 | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.63 (0.42–0.96) | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 0.30 | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.65–2.11) | 1.24 (0.70–2.18) | 0.43 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.42–0.97) | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.60 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.64–2.07) | 1.21 (0.69–2.13) | 0.48 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.44–0.99) | 0.92 (0.65–1.29) | 0.65 | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.65–2.11) | 1.25 (0.71–2.20) | 0.41 |
| Non-obesity | ||||||||
| Death/Total | 242/2752 | 302/2885 | 345/2959 | 251/3585 | 357/3230 | 281/1781 | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) | 0.85 (0.65–1.10) | 0.21 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 1.30 (1.04–1.62) | 0.03 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 0.66 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) | 1.17 (0.93–1.46) | 0.18 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.73–1.22) | 1.15 (0.91–1.45) | 0.27 |
| CVD | ||||||||
| All population | ||||||||
| Death/Total | 74/3980 | 64/3980 | 84/3979 | 56/4032 | 94/4535 | 72/3372 | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.62 (0.41–0.95) | 0.62 (0.42–0.92) | 0.03 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) | 0.93 (0.65–1.35) | 0.68 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.63 (0.42–0.97) | 0.69 (0.47–1.02) | 0.08 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.73–1.47) | 0.82 (0.56–1.21) | 0.29 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.42–0.99) | 0.69 (0.47–1.03) | 0.08 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 0.80 (0.54–1.18) | 0.23 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.42–0.99) | 0.69 (0.47–1.02) | 0.08 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 0.28 |
| Cancer | ||||||||
| All population | ||||||||
| Death/Total | 81/3980 | 83/3980 | 99/3979 | 69/4032 | 114/4535 | 80/3372 | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.53–1.28) | 0.72 (0.44–1.19) | 0.20 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.59–1.52) | 0.85 (0.51–1.40) | 0.51 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | 0.78 (0.48–1.28) | 0.33 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.56–1.46) | 0.77 (0.47–1.27) | 0.31 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.53–1.28) | 0.78 (0.48–1.27) | 0.32 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.56–1.49) | 0.79 (0.48–1.30) | 0.35 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.53–1.28) | 0.77 (0.48–1.26) | 0.31 | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.55–1.55) | 0.80 (0.47–1.36) | 0.41 |
Hazard ratio from multivariable Cox proportional hazards. HEI-2015 Healthy Eating Index-2015, CRP C-reactive protein, CVD cardiovascular diseases. Total participants (N = 11,939), non-obesity (N = 8596), obesity (N = 3343)
Model 1: adjusted for socioeconomic factors (sex, age, race, marital status, education, family poverty to income ratio)
Model 2: additionally adjusted for behavioral factor (PAL, smoking, alcohol intake)
Model 3: additionally adjusted for chronic conditions (CVD, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, cholesterol, hypertension)
Model 4: additionally adjusted for BMI
Bold denoted significant p value (< 0.05)