Table 2.

Main characteristics and findings of the studies evaluating biomarkers in patients after AHSCT

Study, year	N of cases	Type of conditioning, N (%)	FU duration	Type of biomarker	Site	Main findings
Larsson et al., 2019 [13••]	46 patients	15 (32) BEAM-ATG; 31 (68) Cy-ATG	2 years	Cell count, IgM and IgG index, BOCs, NfL	CSF	Mononuclear cells, CSF/serum albumin ratio, IgM and IgG index, NfL, and BOCs ↓
Thebault et al., 2020 [14]	22 patients; 28 controls	22 (100) Bu-Cy	1 year	NfL, GFAP	Serum	At 3 and 6 months, NfL and GFAP ↑ and correlated with grey matter atrophy, EDSS worsening, and Bu dose; at 12 months, NfL ↓ below baseline levels, GFAP ↓ at levels similar to baseline
Zjukovskaja et al., 2022 [17]	43 patients; 31 controls	43 (100) Cy-ATG	3.9 years (IQR 2.2–4.3)	NfL, MBP, GFAP	CSF	NfL and MBP ↓ and patients with NEDA had lower NfL and MBP levels at baseline; GFAP remained stable and baseline levels did not differ between those with or without NEDA
Ruder et al., 2022 [15]	11 patients, CSF; 32 patients, serum	32 (100) BEAM-ATG	NA	NfL, GFAP	CSF, serum	In CSF at 24 months, NfL and GFAP ↑; in serum, NfL and GFAP ↑ at 1 month and ↓ to normal levels up to the end of FU
Mariottini et al., 2022 [18]	38 MS-AHSCT; 22 SPMS (controls); 19 healthy controls	36 (95) BEAM-ATG; 2 (5) melphalan-carmustine ATG or BEAM without melphalan	49 months (range 24–153)	NfL	Serum	At month 6 NfL were similar to baseline; at month 24, NfL ↓ and were similar to SPMS (controls) but still higher than healthy controls

AHSCT autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation; ATG anti-thymocyte globulin; BOC oligoclonal bands; BEAM bis-chloroethylnitrosourea (BCNU), etoposide, cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C), and melphalan; Cy cyclophosphamide; GFAP glial acidic fibrillary protein; IQR interquartile range; MBP myelin basic protein; MS multiple sclerosis; NfL neurofilament; NA not available; N number; SPMS secondary progressive multiple sclerosis