Table 2.
Distribution of daily dietary total choline intake, dietary choline-containing moieties intake (free choline, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, glycerophosphocholine), dietary betaine intake using the food frequency questionnaire and serum total choline-containing compounds and serum choline moieties (phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin) levels at 28 weeks of gestation
| Prenatal measures @ 28 weeks of gestation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Median [IQR] | N, % | |
| Daily choline supplementation during pregnancy > 50 mg per dose | 27, 2.6% | ||
| Meeting total choline adequate intake 440 mg/day | 236, 23% | ||
| Choline dietary intake (N = 1020)a | |||
| Betaine (mg/d) | 442 (158) | 435 [325–548] | |
| Choline esters (mg choline/d) | |||
| Free choline | 102 (29) | 100 [83–120] | |
| Glycerophosphocholine | 61 (22) | 56 [45–72] | |
| Phosphocholine | 15 (5) | 15 [12–18] | |
| Phosphatidylcholine | 174 (59) | 166.5 [133–208] | |
| Sphingomyelin | 19 (7) | 18 [14–23] | |
| Total choline | 372 (104) | 362 [303–434] | |
| Energy intake (kJ,d) | 7428 (2344) | 7182 [5811–8697] | |
| Choline per energy intake (mg/kJ) | 0.052 (0.12) | 0.05 [0.04–0.059] | |
| Maternal blood (N = 1010)b | |||
| Phosphatidylcholine (mmol/l) | 2.87 (0.41) | 2.85 [2.59–3.09] | |
| Sphingomyelin (mmol/l) | 0.57 (0.09) | 0.57 [0.51–0.63] | |
| Total choline-containing compounds (mmol/l) | 3.27 (0.44) | 3.25 [2.98–3.52] | |
AI adequate intake used from the Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand, including recommended dietary intakes published in 2006 [5]
aMean for gestational age at food frequency questionnaire collection = 28.1 weeks
bMean for gestational age at serum collection, n = 28.3 weeks