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. 2023 Jun 28;62(7):2855–2872. doi: 10.1007/s00394-023-03186-w

Table 3.

Correlation among estimated daily dietary total choline intake, dietary choline moieties intake (free choline, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, glycerophosphocholine), dietary betaine intake and serum total choline-containing compounds and serum choline moieties (phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin) at 28 weeks of gestation

Diet Supplementation Serum
Variables TC PC SM Betaine Free choline GPC Pch Choline bitartrate TC PC SM
Diet (mg/day)
 Total choline 1.000
 Phosphatidylcholine 0.914*** 1.000
 Sphingomyelin 0.839*** 0.855*** 1.000
 Betaine 0.415*** 0.259*** 0.121*** 1.000
 Free choline 0.824*** 0.592*** 0.466*** 0.669*** 1.000
 Glycerophosphocholine 0.737*** 0.462*** 0.608*** 0.276*** 0.649*** 1.000
 Phosphocholine 0.774*** 0.523*** 0.551*** 0.297*** 0.792*** 0.798*** 1.000
Supplementation (mg/day)
 Choline bitartrate −0.033 −0.040 0.068** −0.001 0.018 0.053* 0.016 1.000
Serum (mmol/l)
 Total choline-c −0.005 −0.019 −0.048 0.037 0.025 0.004 0.032 0.030 1.000
 Phosphatidylcholine −0.014 −0.026 −0.054* 0.026 0.013 − 0.001 0.021 0.024 0.985*** 1.000
 Sphingomyelin 0.017 0.009 −0.014 0.051 0.035 0.005 0.044 0.029 0.821*** 0.729*** 1.000

GPC Glycerophosphocholine, Pch phosphocholine, PC phosphatidylcholine, SM sphingomyelin, TC total choline-containing compounds

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1, Bonferroni correction for multiple testing p < 0.001 in bold