Table 1.

Elemental composition of maple syrup: Sugars, ester, organic acid, and vitamins..

Identification	Molecular formula	Content%		Ref
Sugars
Sucrose	C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁		51.7–99	[19,20]
Glucose	C₆H₁₂O₆		0.43–9.6	[19,20]
Fructose	C6H12O6		0.30–3.9	[19,20]
Oligosaccharides	C37H62N2O29		nd-0.02	[18,20]
Quebrachitol	C7H14O6		nd-0.15	[[18], [19], [20]]
Maplebiose1	C12H20O11		–	[24]
Inulin	C6nH10n+2O5n+1		–	[25]
Nystose	C24H42O21		–	[26]
1-Kestose	C18H32O16		–	[26]
Neokestose	C18H32O16		–	[26]
Vitamins
Thiamine	C12H17N4OS+	nd- 1.3х10−4		[20]
Niacin	C₆H₅NO₂	1.6х10−4- 1х10−3		[20]
Riboflavin (B2)	C₁₇H₂₀N₄O₆	4.6 х10−6- 6 х10−4		[20]
Folic Acid	C19H19N7O6	–		[20]
Biotin	C10H16N2O3S	–		[20]
Vitamin A	C20H30O	–		[20]
Pyridoxine (B6)	C₈H₁₁NO₃	–		[20]
Organic acid
Malic acid	C4H6O5	0.22–0.33		[20]
Fumaric acid	C4H4O4	0.10–0.01		[20]
Succinic acid	C4H6O4	0.001–0.001		[20]
Citric acid	C₆H₈O₇	0.02–0.01		[20]
Acetic acid	C2H4O2	0.012–0.013		[20]
Lactic acid	C3H6O3	–		[27]
Levulinic acid	C5H8O3	–		[27]
Aliphatic acids	C5H8O3	–		[27]
Oxalic acid	C2H2O4	–		[27]
Hexanoic acid	C6H12O2	–		[10]
n-Hexanoic acid	C6H12O2	–		[28]
2-Ethylhexanoic acid	C8H16O2	–		[28]
n-Nonanoic acid	C9H18O2	–		[28]
Ester compound
Trimethylgallic acid methyl ester	C11H14O5	–		[29]