Skip to main content
. 2023 Jul 14;62(7):2949–2962. doi: 10.1007/s00394-023-03202-z

Table 1.

Amount of daily energy (%) offered from the four NOVA categories for all four study conditions

NOVA category Study condition: daily diet
Unprocessed (Ultra-)processed
Hard Soft Hard Soft
Group 1 Unprocessed or minimally processed foods 84 81 27 19
Group 2 Processed culinary ingredients 16 19 1 0
Group 3 Processed foods 0 0 43 29
Group 4 Ultra-processed foods 0 0 29 52