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. 2023 Jul 14;62(7):2949–2962. doi: 10.1007/s00394-023-03202-z

Table 2.

Overview of the daily diets for each of the four study conditions, including the type of texture manipulation

Meal Unprocessed (Ultra-)processed Type of texture manipulation
Hard Soft Hard Soft
Breakfast Fresh mixed fruit Homemade smoothie Canned mixed fruit Store bought smoothie Solid/liquid
Morning snack Apple pieces Apple sauce -no additives Apple pieces Store bought Apple juice Solid/semi-solid/liquid
Lunch Fresh Tagliatelle pasta with homemade tomato sauce, hard-steamed vegetables and large pieces of chicken fillet Fresh tagliatelle pasta with homemade tomato sauce, soft-steamed vegetables and homemade pulled chicken Store bought, pork meat tortellini with pre-canned tomato sauce, hard-cooked vegetables and grated cheese Ready-to-eat macaroni Bolognese with grated cheese Hardness and piece size
Afternoon snack Dried mango Raisins Muesli bar pieces Fruit bar pieces Elasticity and hardness
Dinner Potato parts with large pieces of pork fillet and whole hard-steamed green beans Homemade mashed potato with eggs small pieces of soft-steamed green beans Pre-flavoured and baked potato parts with large pieces of chicken schnitzel and whole, hard-steamed green beans Mashed potato with chicken meatballs and small pieces of soft-steamed green beans Hardness piece size
Dessert Dried figs and almonds Curd with added honey and crushed pecan nuts Mass produced fig bread Walnut and honey flavoured yoghurt Solid versus semi-solid