Table 4.

Energy intake, food intake, eating behaviour and sodium consumption for the four different study conditions (mean ± SE, n = 18)

	Unprocessed		(Ultra-)processed		ANOVA fixed effect p value
	Hard	Soft	Hard	Soft	Processing	Texture	Processing × texture
Energy intake (kcal) excl. snacks*	1892 ± 135a	2078 ± 137a,c	1501 ± 135b	2450 ± 133c	0.42	< 0.001	< 0.001
Energy intake (kcal) incl. snacks*	1999 ± 134a,b	2205 ± 137b	1706 ± 139a	2608 ± 136c	0.91	< 0.001	0.002
Food intake (g) excl. snacks*	1574 ± 145	1736 ± 146	1485 ± 146	1816 ± 146	0.84	< 0.001	0.15
Food intake (g) incl. snacks*	1644 ± 145	1830 ± 146	1609 ± 146	1916 ± 146	0.72	< 0.001	0.34
Energy intake rate ~  ~ (kcal/min)	38 ± 5	62 ± 5	38 ± 5	77 ± 5	0.04	< 0.001	0.11
Eating rate (g/min) ~  ~	30 ± 5	52 ± 5	31 ± 5	61 ± 5	0.12	< 0.001	0.20
Total meal duration ~  ~ (min)	13 ± 1	11 ± 1	12 ± 1	10 ± 1	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.57
OSE duration ~  ~ (s/bite)	18 ± 1	11 ± 1	21 ± 1	10 ± 1	0.34	< 0.001	0.06
Chews per bite ~  ~	20 ± 2	9 ± 2	21 ± 2	8 ± 2	0.74	< 0.001	0.48
Bite size ~  ~ (g/bite)	11 ± 1	16 ± 1	12 ± 1	18 ± 1	0.16	< 0.001	0.42
Sodium in meal (mg)	181 ± 129	206 ± 129	2485 ± 129	2573 ± 132	< 0.001	0.60	0.77
Sodium added (mg)	293 ± 70	437 ± 70	105 ± 70	204 ± 71	< 0.001	0.02	0.63
Sodium total intake (mg)	474 ± 173	643 ± 173	2591 ± 173	2642 ± 173 ~	< 0.001	0.36	0.63

Means with different superscript letters are significantly different. OSE = oro-sensory exposure

*Geometric mean, SE of the original distribution mixed

 ~ Added salt was not recorded for two subjects during the soft ultra-processed meal

 ~  ~ 18 observations are missing due to missing video recording