Table 5.

Appetite and liking ratings (100 mm visual analogue scale) per meal and study condition

	Unprocessed		(Ultra)-processed		ANOVA fixed effect p value
	Hard	Soft	Hard	Soft	Processing	Texture	Processing* texture
Breakfast
Hunger
Pre	64 ± 5	68 ± 5	62 ± 55	69 ± 5	0.81	0.21	0.78
Post	13 ± 4	14 ± 4	18 ± 4	12 ± 4	0.52	0.28	0.14
Fullness
Pre	10 ± 4	8 ± 4	11 ± 4	8 ± 4	0.89	0.08	0.84
Post	72 ± 4	68 ± 4	58 ± 4	74 ± 4	0.31	0.2	0.05
Thirst
Pre	71 ± 4	72 ± 4	67 ± 4	67 ± 4	0.14	1.86	0.93
Post	18 ± 4	26 ± 4	24 ± 4	17 ± 4	0.53	0.76	0.01
Desire to eat
Pre	74 ± 4	69 ± 4	69 ± 4	71 ± 4	0.61	0.62	0.22
Post	16 ± 5	13 ± 5	23 ± 5	18 ± 6	0.1	0.26	0.94
Palatability
Pre	7.9 ± 0.3a	6.8 ± 0.3b	6.4 ± 0.3	7.0 ± 0.3	0.03	0.3	0.003
Lunch
Hunger
Pre	81 ± 3	74 ± 3	73 ± 3	75 ± 3	0.17	32	0.07
Post	4 ± 3	8 ± 3	6 ± 3	5 ± 3	0.64	0.37	0.11
Fullness
Pre	10 ± 4	11 ± 4	12 ± 4	12 ± 4	0.89	0.08	0.84
Post	85 ± 4	66 ± 4	78 ± 4	84 ± 4	0.4	0.37	0.12
Thirst
Pre	49 ± 5	56 ± 5	50 ± 5	53 ± 5	0.78	0.28	0.62
Post	19 ± 5	21 ± 5	33 ± 5	24 ± 5	0.04	0.32	0.13
Desire to eat
Pre	80 ± 4	74 ± 4	75 ± 4	74 ± 4	0.39	0.25	0.4
Post	9 ± 3	9 ± 3	4 ± 3	6 ± 3	0.04	0.42	0.54
Palatability
Pre	7.1 ± 0.3	6.6 ± 0.3	7.3 ± 0.3	7.2 ± 0.3	0.11	0.26	0.5
Dinner
Hunger
Pre	54 ± 5	47 ± 5	50 ± 5	50 ± 5	0.95	0.33	0.35
Post	10 ± 4	12 ± 4	6 ± 4	7 ± 4	0.004	0.27	0.82
Fullness
Pre	34 ± 5	33 ± 5	36 ± 5	32 ± 5	0.65	0.82	0.86
Post	78 ± 3	72 ± 3	83 ± 3	85 ± 3	0.03	0.57	0.29
Thirst
Pre	55 ± 5	57 ± 5	55 ± 5	54 ± 5	0.68	0.89	0.65
Post	26 ± 5	25 ± 5	27 ± 5	24 ± 5	0.95	0.49	0.73
Desire to eat
Pre	49 ± 4	53 ± 4	53 ± 4	54 ± 4	0.16	0.77	0.44
Post	12 ± 4	14 ± 4	6 ± 4	9 ± 4	0.03	0.33	0.62
Palatability Pre
Beans	6.7 ± 0.4	6.6 ± 0.4	7.0 ± 0.4	6.4 ± 0.4	0.79	0.13	0.2
Potatoes	6.4 ± 0.4	6.6 ± 0.4	7.4 ± 0.4	7.3 ± 0.4	0.003	0.86	0.52
Protein (meat/egg)	6.5 ± 0.4	6.6 ± 0.4	7.9 ± 0.4	7.7 ± 0.4	< 0.001	0.8	0.67
Dessert (directly after dinner)
Hunger
Post	6 ± 3	4 ± 3	4 ± 3	3 ± 3	0.16	0.29	0.72
Fullness
Post	84 ± 3	87 ± 3	80 ± 3	90 ± 3	0.99	0.16	0.44
Thirst
Post	29 ± 6	23 ± 6	25 ± 6	22 ± 6	0.58	0.26	0.65
Desire to eat
Post	8 ± 3	3 ± 3	5 ± 3	4 ± 3	0.43	0.04	0.24
Palatability
Pre	6.3 ± 0.4	6.1 ± 0.4	6.2 ± 0.4	6.3 ± 0.4	0.86	0.73	0.66