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The three mendelian assumptions in the study. The instrumental variables should: (I) be robustly associated with serum micronutrients (exposure of interest); (II) be independent of BMI, alcohol, smoking, blood pressure (confounders); and (III) have no direct association with the renal malignant neoplasm (outcome of interest), but affect outcome exclusively through serum micronutrients. BMI, body mass index.
