Table 2.
Selected food groups and macronutrient intake of participants across tertiles (T) of dietary diversity score (DDS).
| Variables | Tertiles of DDS | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 [<4.08] | T2 [4.08 to 6.10] | T3 [>6.10] | ||
| Energy (Kcal/day)a | 2270.48 [2157.80, 2383.16] | 2550.21 [2447.33, 2653.10] | 3114.84 [2981.72, 3247.97] | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 69.12 [65.50, 72.75] | 70.46 [67.31, 73.61] | 79.83 [75.23, 84.43] | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/d) | 115.45 [110.86, 120.04] | 109.47 [105.39, 113.56] | 107.86 [103.27, 112.45] | 0.042 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 352.14 [342.33, 361.94] | 367.01 [357.81, 376.22] | 365.03 [353.80, 376.25] | 0.085 |
| White breads (g/d) | 67.71 [60.81, 74.62] | 66.27 [60.72, 71.81] | 69.21 [59.90, 78.53] | 0.857 |
| Whole-grain breads (g/d) | 6.80 [3.12, 10.47] | 9.73 [4.15, 15.32] | 7.28 [1.86, 12.71] | 0.677 |
| Rice (g/d) | 351.60 [319.52, 383.68] | 345.71 [308.25, 383.18] | 272.96 [233.30, 312.61] | 0.004 |
| Pasta (g/d) | 11.48 [9.60, 13.36] | 13.36 [10.93, 15.78] | 17.50 [13.08, 21.92] | 0.023 |
| Whole-grain cereals (g/d) | 13.59 [5.16, 22.02] | 13.95 [8.12, 19.78] | 15.31 [7.00, 23.63] | 0.945 |
| Biscuits (g/d) | 6.76 [5.24, 8.28] | 5.74 [4.46, 7.01] | 8.35 [4.37, 12.33] | 0.368 |
| Refined flour (g/d) | 5.52 [3.88, 7.16] | 6.72 [5.09, 8.34] | 11.54 [8.09, 14.98] | 0.001 |
| Potato (g/d) | 25.09 [18.08, 32.10] | 29.59 [22.49, 36.69] | 24.06 [19.77, 28.36] | 0.415 |
| Tomato (g/d) | 72.56 [57.04, 88.07] | 86.02 [68.77, 103.27] | 110.08 [92.17, 127.98] | 0.007 |
| Starchy vegetables (g/d) | 2.15 [1.21, 3.10] | 3.02 [2.11, 3.92] | 4.90 [2.85, 6.95] | 0.022 |
| Legumes (g/d) | 41.71 [32.74, 50.67] | 42.23 [32.82, 51.64] | 48.47 [38.00, 58.94] | 0.543 |
| Yellow vegetables (g/d) | 14.58 [10.95, 18.21] | 16.82 [11.77, 21.88] | 25.24 [18.26, 32.22] | 0.015 |
| Cruciferous vegetables (g/d) | 91.88 [77.81, 105.96] | 124.42 [102.39, 146.45] | 161.88 [130.61, 193.16] | <0.001 |
| Other vegetables (g/d) | 49.65 [43.22, 56.07] | 54.93 [47.61, 62.26] | 62.32 [53.70, 70.94] | 0.059 |
| Fruit and fruit juice | 346.33 [311.24, 381.41] | 428.50 [381.42, 475.58] | 513.95 [459.64, 568.25] | <0.001 |
| Berries and citrus | 77.81 [67.01, 88.61] | 96.34 [83.92, 108.76] | 140.97 [123.77, 158.17] | < 0.001 |
| Milk (g/d) | 99.86 [70.80, 128.92] | 80.88 [57.18, 104.59] | 146.78 [100.61, 192.94] | 0.024 |
| Yogurt (g/d) | 251.93 [191.33, 312.54] | 294.83 [226.73, 362.92] | 297.02 [236.98, 357.05] | 0.525 |
| Cheese (g/d) | 18.04 [14.54, 21.54] | 22.66 [17.29, 28.02] | 24.47 [20.11, 28.84] | 0.113 |
| Red meat (g/d) | 34.11 [25.81, 42.41] | 30.39 [24.37, 36.41] | 42.75 [32.73, 52.76] | 0.101 |
| Poultry (g/d) | 13.77 [11.67, 15.88] | 16.99 [13.67, 20.31] | 18.20 [9.44, 26.97] | 0.524 |
| Fish (g/d) | 3.70 [2.75, 4.64] | 3.97 [2.72, 5.23] | 5.34 [3.82, 6.86] | 0.148 |
| Egg (g/d) | 20.88 [16.85, 24.92] | 21.20 [17.91, 24.48] | 26.80 [20.72, 32.89] | 0.132 |
Data are presented as mean [95% confidence interval] and obtained from analysis of variance (ANOVA). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. DDS, dietary diversity score. aSelected food groups and nutrients were adjusted for total energy intake.