TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants according to different depressive-symptoms trajectories.
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 13,258) |
No depression (n = 4,175) |
Mild-stable (n = 5,543) |
Decreasing (n = 1,395) |
Increasing (n = 1,356) |
Severe-stable (n = 789) |
P-valuea |
| Age, years | 58.5 (9.0) | 57.8 (8.9) | 58.6 (9.1) | 59.9 (9.3) | 58.5 (8.8) | 59.6 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| Male | 6,362 (48.0) | 2,446 (58.6) | 2,684 (48.4) | 532 (38.2) | 497 (36.7) | 203 (25.7) | <0.001 |
| Rural area | 8,124 (61.3) | 2,127 (50.9) | 3,422 (61.7) | 1,001 (71.8) | 978 (72.1) | 596 (75.5) | <0.001 |
| Married | 11,770 (88.8) | 3,849 (92.2) | 4,940 (89.1) | 1,152 (82.6) | 1,201 (88.6) | 628 (79.6) | <0.001 |
| Educationb | <0.001 | ||||||
| No formal | 3,345 (25.2) | 714 (17.1) | 1,375 (24.8) | 486 (34.8) | 440 (32.5) | 330 (41.8) | |
| Primary school | 5,359 (40.4) | 1,483 (35.5) | 2,301 (41.5) | 612 (43.9) | 621 (45.8) | 342 (43.3) | |
| Middle school and above | 4,550 (34.3) | 1,976 (47.4) | 1,866 (33.7) | 297 (21.3) | 294 (21.7) | 117 (14.8) | |
| Smoking | <0.001 | ||||||
| Current | 4,105 (31.0) | 1,442 (34.5) | 1,746 (31.5) | 382 (27.4) | 374 (27.6) | 161 (20.4) | |
| Formal | 1,150 (8.7) | 421 (10.1) | 483 (8.7) | 110 (7.9) | 79 (5.8) | 57 (7.2) | |
| Never | 8,003 (60.4) | 2,312 (55.4) | 3,314 (59.8) | 903 (64.7) | 903 (66.6) | 571 (72.4) | |
| Drinking | <0.001 | ||||||
| Current | 3,387 (25.5) | 1,298 (31.1) | 1,424 (25.7) | 290 (20.8) | 257 (19.0) | 118 (15.0) | |
| Formal | 779 (5.9) | 228 (5.5) | 320 (5.8) | 98 (7.0) | 89 (6.6) | 44 (5.6) | |
| Never | 9,092 (68.6) | 2,649 (63.4) | 3,799 (68.5) | 1,007 (72.2) | 1,010 (74.5) | 627 (79.5) | |
| Self-rate healthb | <0.001 | ||||||
| Good | 3,186 (24.0) | 1,633 (39.1) | 1,175 (21.2) | 125 (9.0) | 215 (15.9) | 38 (4.8) | |
| Fair | 6,421 (48.4) | 2,068 (49.5) | 2,951 (53.2) | 545 (39.1) | 632 (46.6) | 225 (28.5) | |
| Poor | 3,649 (27.5) | 472 (11.3) | 1,417 (25.6) | 725 (52.0) | 509 (37.5) | 526 (66.7) | |
| Sleep durationb | <0.001 | ||||||
| <7 h | 6,657 (50.4) | 1,534 (36.7) | 2,850 (51.6) | 931 (67.1) | 768 (57.0) | 574 (73.4) | |
| 7–7.9 h | 2,642 (20.0) | 1,091 (26.1) | 1,074 (19.5) | 180 (13.0) | 218 (16.2) | 79 (10.1) | |
| ≥8 h | 3,901 (29.6) | 1,539 (36.9) | 1,595 (28.9) | 277 (20.0) | 361 (26.8) | 129 (16.5) | |
| Nap duration b | <0.001 | ||||||
| <30 min | 6,421 (48.5) | 1,829 (43.8) | 2,684 (48.5) | 748 (53.7) | 699 (51.6) | 461 (58.7) | |
| 30–59 min | 1,193 (9.0) | 389 (9.3) | 509 (9.2) | 112 (8.0) | 110 (8.1) | 73 (9.3) | |
| ≥60 min | 5,624 (42.5) | 1,951 (46.7) | 2,341 (42.3) | 534 (38.3) | 546 (40.3) | 252 (32.1) | |
| Hypertensionb | 3,162 (24.0) | 886 (21.2) | 1,342 (24.2) | 388 (27.8) | 347 (25.6) | 199 (25.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetesb | 738 (5.6) | 193 (4.6) | 314 (5.7) | 96 (6.9) | 79 (5.8) | 56 (7.1) | 0.004 |
| Dyslipidemiab | 1,234 (9.5) | 390 (9.3) | 498 (9.0) | 140 (10.0) | 118 (8.7) | 88 (11.2) | 0.238 |
| Chronic lung diseasesb | 1,309 (9.9) | 265 (6.3) | 522 (9.4) | 220 (15.8) | 159 (11.7) | 143 (18.1) | <0.001 |
| CKDb | 844 (6.4) | 153 (3.7) | 331 (6.0) | 146 (10.5) | 100 (7.4) | 114 (14.4) | <0.001 |
| Heart diseaseb | 1,594 (12.1) | 357 (8.6) | 607 (11.0) | 262 (18.8) | 193 (14.2) | 175 (22.2) | <0.001 |
| Strokeb | 257 (1.9) | 56 (1.3) | 92 (1.7) | 48 (3.4) | 30 (2.2) | 31 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| ARb | 4,490 (33.9) | 901 (21.6) | 1,867 (33.7) | 715 (51.3) | 560 (41.3) | 447 (56.7) | <0.001 |
| History of medicationb | |||||||
| Antidiabetic | 517 (3.9) | 142 (3.4) | 216 (3.9) | 71 (5.1) | 52 (3.8) | 36 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertension | 2,500 (18.9) | 703 (16.8) | 1,064 (19.2) | 310 (22.2) | 263 (19.4) | 160 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering | 702 (5.4) | 198 (4.7) | 281 (5.1) | 90 (6.5) | 73 (5.4) | 60 (7.6) | 0.004 |
| Functional limitation | 1,532 (11.6) | 204 (4.9) | 554 (1.0) | 344 (24.7) | 201 (14.8) | 229 (29.0) | <0.001 |
Data are described as mean (SD) or n(%). CKD, chronic kidney disease; AR, arthritis or rheumatism.
aP-value was determined using the Chi-square test or one-way analysis of variance.
bMissing values: 4 for education, 2 for self-rated health, 58 for sleep duration, 20 for nap duration, 66 for hypertension, 116 for diabetes, 235 for dyslipidemia, 50 for chronic lung disease, 80 for CKD, 67 for heart disease, 27 for stroke, 23 for AR, 66 for use of antihypertensive medication, 116 for use of antidiabetic medication, and 235 for use of lipid-lowering medication.