Table 4.
Comparisons of the changes from baseline to the end of the intervention for Mediterranean diet components.
| Variables | BJ + MeD | MeD | BJ | Control | **p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | ||||||
| Daily energy intake (kcal/day) | Before | 2,278 ± 76.37 | 2,143 ± 35.14 | 2,199 ± 62.63 | 2,116 ± 59.28 | <0.001 |
| After | 2096 ± 24.19 | 2,127 ± 32.75 | 2,152 ± 32.94 | 2,102 ± 52.13 | <0.001 | |
| *p value | <0.001 | 0.019 | <0.001 | 0.765 | ||
| MeD component | ||||||
| Vegetables (g/d) | Before | 307.6 ± 118.1 | 308 ± 104.8 | 315.5 ± 109.1 | 296.4 ± 130.9 | 0.891 |
| After | 366.6 ± 145 ± 7 | 329.3 ± 126.2 | 320.6 ± 116.4 | 248.3 ± 113.4 | <0.001 | |
| *p value | 0.053 | 0.424 | 0.810 | 0.106 | ||
| Total cereal (g/d) | Before | 295.5 ± 83.6 | 297.2 ± 90.9 | 286.3 ± 70.3 | 316.9 ± 80.0 | 0.341 |
| After | 313.6 ± 92.8 | 295.2 ± 101.1 | 293.0 ± 64.1 | 264.4 ± 80.5 | 0.059 | |
| *p value | 0.307 | 0.922 | 0.629 | <0.001 | ||
| Fermented dairy (g/d) | Before | 452.8 ± 76.1 | 442.8 ± 89.6 | 461.3 ± 87.9 | 459.1 ± 84.9 | 0.732 |
| After | 497.4 ± 97.8 | 460.4 ± 83.6 | 475.9 ± 90.8 | 458.4 ± 77.4 | 0.131 | |
| *p value | <0.001 | 0.337 | 0.457 | 0.969 | ||
| Legume, nut and seed (g/d) | Before | 38.6 ± 20.3 | 38.4 ± 15.4 | 36.7 ± 18.2 | 40.0 ± 17.4 | 0.854 |
| After | 60.1 ± 23.0 | 39.2 ± 22.9 | 38.2 ± 16.4 | 371 ± 14.4 | <0.001 | |
| *p value | <0.001 | 0.834 | 0.661 | 0.374 | ||
| Low fat dairy(g/d) | Before | 127.9 ± 40.6 | 121.1 ± 40.8 | 110.9 ± 51.4 | 127.0 ± 25.7 | 0.068 |
| After | 106.6 ± 37.9 | 111.2 ± 39.4 | 104.9 ± 44.3 | 90.9 ± 55.6 | <0.001 | |
| *p value | <0.001 | 0.262 | 0.589 | <0.001 | ||
| Red and processed meats (g/d) | Before | 34.5 ± 15.5 | 26.7 ± 16.8 | 41.6 ± 16.7 | 37.4 ± 17.5 | <0.001 |
| After | 24.9 ± 14.2 | 19.1 ± 10.8 | 36.8 ± 17.7 | 33.8 ± 13.4 | <0.001 | |
| *p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.175 | 0.271 | ||
| Poultry (g/d) | Before | 109.3 ± 44.4 | 110 ± 39.9 | 98 ± 46.1 | 118 ± 48.4 | 0.214 |
| After | 137.7 ± 48.9 | 120.5 ± 41.4 | 108.6 ± 43.9 | 117.3 ± 45.0 | <0.001 | |
| *p value | <0.001 | 0.243 | 0.248 | 0.946 | ||
| Fish (g/d) | Before | 36.7 ± 9.46 | 34.6 ± 7.4 | 37.1 ± 9.3 | 37.1 ± 10.8 | 0.542 |
| After | 47 ± 9.6 | 42.7 ± 10.9 | 39.5 ± 10.9 | 39.3 ± 9.5 | <0.001 | |
| *p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.333 | 0.317 | ||
| Fruits (g/d) | Before | 302.9 ± 56.1 | 295.3 ± 54.6 | 308.5 ± 51.6 | 289.8 ± 56.3 | 0.385 |
| After | 329.6 ± 66.3 | 305.9 ± 67.7 | 301.6 ± 60.6 | 296.3 ± 60.7 | 0.072 | |
| *p value | <0.001 | 0.444 | 0.575 | 0.613 | ||
| MUFA/SFA (g/d) | Before | 0.78 ± 0.13 | 0.71 ± 0.12 | 0.90 ± 0.11 | 0.91 ± 0.17 | <0.001 |
| After | 0.90 ± 0.17 | 0.86 ± 0.11 | 0.92 ± 0.13 | 0.79 ± 0.17 | <0.001 | |
| *p value | 0.382 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Data presented as Mean ± SD, p value obtained by *Paired t-test and **One-way Anova. BJ + MeD, beetroot juice and Mediterranean diet; MeD, Mediterranean diet; BJ, beetroot juice.