Figure 4.

Effect of synbiotic supplementation on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells ratio in the spleen of broiler birds under an experimental NE challenge. Birds were challenged and fed synbiotic supplemented feed in a 2 × 2 factorial setup from d 0 to 35 of age. At d 14, birds were challenged with 1 × 10⁴ oocysts of E. maxima and challenged with 1 × 10⁸ CFU C. perfringens on d 19, 20, and 21. Flow cytometry was performed on d 21, 28, and 35 to identify the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen. Bars (± SEM) with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). P-values for D21: Challenge × Synbiotic = 0.39, Challenge = 0.14, Synbiotic < 0.001; D28: Challenge × Synbiotic = 0.75, Challenge = 0.93, Synbiotic = 0.66; D35: Challenge × Synbiotic = 0.29, Challenge = 0.03, Synbiotic = 0.33.