Table 2.
Single-Cell RNA sequencing studies on brain organoids derived from patients with neurobiological disorders.
| Study | Methods | Condition Modeled | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fair et al. (2022) | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patient were reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells which were used to generate cerebral organoids | Heterozygous AUTS2 mutation | Decreased proportion of neural progenitor cells in AUTS2 organoids; Altered cell cycle and WNT pathway signaling genes in AUTS2 organoids |
| Paulsen et al. (2022) | Established induced pluripotent stem cell lines were genetically modified using CRISPR to mutate genes of interest; engineered cell lines were then grown into cortical organoids | Autism (via SUV420H1, ARID1B, and CHD8 mutations) | Accelerated maturation and increased numbers of GABAergic neurons in autism model organoids |
| Szebényi et al. (2021) | Induced pluripotent stem cell lines from patients with ALS/FTD were used to generate organoids | ALS/FTD | Dysregulated activation, immune, and stress genes in astrocytes and DNA damage genes and cell death-related genes in neurons from ALS/FTD organoids |
| Dang et al. (2021) | Human embryonic stem cells were used to generate cerebral organoids which were then exposed to methamphetamine | Methamphetamine exposure | Down-regulated proliferation and differentiation genes in neurons; up-regulated inflammation/immune, cytokine, and oxidative stress response genes in METH organoids |
| Notaras et al. (2022) | Induced pluripotent stem cell lines from patients with schizophrenia were used to generate cerebral organoids | Schizophrenia | Dysregulated expression of transcription factors involved in cell differentiation and growth factor pathway genes in Scz organoids |
| Sawada et al. (2020) | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from monozygotic twins, one of which had a psychotic illness and the other of which was unaffected. Induced pluripotent stem cells were generated from PBMCs and these were used to generate cerebral organoids | Psychosis | Psychosis organoids had fewer proliferative progenitor cells and more GABAergic neurons, as well as increased expression of GABA signaling and GABA synapse genes |