Table 1.

Therapeutic effect of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders.

Disease	Strain	Dosage	Subjects	Results	References
Allergic reactions	L. plantarum	5 × 1010 cells once a week for 4 weeks	Mice sensitized with peanut allergen	↓ Interleukin-10 ↑ Interferon-γ	Yang et al. (2021)
Allergic reactions	Lactobacillus multiple strains	109 CFU lactobacilli every day for 28 days	30 BALB/c mice model of soybean sensitization	↑ Interferon-γ and IL-2 ↓ IL-4, IL-6 Promoted Tregs	Yang et al. (2021)
Cancer	Lactobacillus fermentum	–	CCD18-Co, HCT-116, and HT-29 cell lines	Activation of intrinsic apoptosis	Lee et al. (2019)
Cancer	Pediococcus acidilactici TMAB26	–	HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines	Significant toxicity on cancer cells	Barigela and Bhukya (2021)
Hypercholesterolemia	L. casei pWQH01 L. plantarum AR113	1 × 109 CFU for 5 weeks	30 male C57BL/6J mice	Have Bile Salt Hydrolase activity ↓ hepatic levels of TC and LDL-C ↑cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene
Hypercholesterolemia	L. fermentum MJM60397	5  ×  1010 CFU	Male mice	↓ cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels ↑ LDLR gene	Palaniyandi et al. (2020)
Ulcerative colitis	Bifidobacterium longum 536 (BB536)	2–3  × 1011 three times daily for 8 weeks	56 patients with mild to moderate UC	↓ Mayo subscore ↓Rachmilewitz endoscopic index (EI)	Tamaki et al. (2016)
Ulcerative colitis	L. lactis NCDO 2118	2.5 × 106 CFU/g	36 mice	↓ Severity of colitis ↓ disease activity index ↑ gene expression of tight junction proteins (zo-1, zo-2)	Cordeiro et al. (2021)
Lactose intolerance	L. acidophilus	1  × 1010 once daily for 4 weeks	60 human participants	↓Abdominal pain ↓Abdominal cramping ↓Vomiting	Pakdaman et al. (2015)
IBS	L. delbruekii and L. fermentum	10 billion bacteria twice daily for 4 weeks	90 human subjects	↓Abdominal pain ↓IL-8 Restore normal intestinal flora	Husein et al. (2017)
Radiation-induced diarrhea	L. acidophilus and B. animalis	1.75 billion lyophilized live bacteria three times daily	53 patients receiving external beam pelvic radiotherapy	↓Moderate and severe diarrhea ↓Grade II abdominal pain	Linn et al. (2019)
Chronic diarrhea	L. plantarum CCFM1143	3.52 × 109 CFU per day	55 human patients with chronic diarrhea	Improved clinical symptoms of diarrhea Improved immune response Modulated gut microbiota	Yang et al. (2021)
Antibiotic associated diarrhea	Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains	1 × 109 CFU once a day	36 human subjects	Delayed recurrence of diarrhea (5.39 days) ↓ Average no. of daily stools 45% positive evaluation	Trallero et al. (2019)
Chron’s disease	B. longum and inulin/oligofructose	2 × 1011 freeze-dried viable B. longum twice daily for 6 months	35 human subjects	↓Crohn disease activity indices ↓Histological scores ↓TNF-α expression	Steed et al. (2010)

↓ shows the reduction in different parameters while ↑ shows increasing trend.