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. 2022 Sep 15;2(4):331–348. doi: 10.1515/mr-2022-0018

Figure 4:

Figure 4:

Crosstalk between bone and immune system. Receptor activator for nuclear factor-κ B ligand is one of the most important factors linking bone and immune system. RANKL produced and released by osteoblast promotes osteoclastogenesis and regulates the function of B cells, T cells, Treg cells and dendritic cells. In addition, it affects the development of thymus and lymphoid organs. RANKL promotes the differentiation of CD8+ T cells into cytotoxic T lymphocytes to suppress cancer development. Stromal cells and endothelial cells in bone marrow produce C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12, CX3C chemokine ligand 1, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 to bind to their receptors on cancer cells and attract cancer cell migration to bone. In turn, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages also promote the osteoclastogenesis. RANKL, Receptor activator for nuclear factor-κ B ligand; OB, osteoblast; CXCL12, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; CX3CL1, CX3C chemokine ligand 1; CCL2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2.