Table 1:
Iron-based nanoparticles inducing polarization towards pro-inflammatory phenotype.
| Polarization | Properties of nanoparticles | Experimental procedures | Marker changes in polarization | Ref. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron-based nanoparticles | Core | Coating | Surface charge | Size (nm) | Cell types /Animal models | Methods | |||
| Phenotype Induction (M0 to M1) | PMA@Fe3O4 | Fe3O4 | PMA | – | 5 | RAW264.7 | 5 nmol/L, 24h | M1: TNF-α CD86 NF-κB ↑ M2: CD206 ↓ |
[63] |
| PEI-coated SPION | / | PEI | + | 139–228 | RAW264.7, THP-1, mouse peritoneal macrophages | 6.25–25μg/mL, 6h | M1: CD40 CD80 CD86 IL-1β TNF-α IL-6 IL-12 ↑ | [51] | |
| Resovist (ferucarbotran) | Fe3O4+γ-Fe2O3 | Dextran | + | / | RAW264.7, BMDM, Ana-1 | Fe 0–100μg/mL, 24h | M1: IL-1β IL-12p40/70 TNF-α IL-2 IL-10 ↑ | [52] | |
| Balb/c mice | Fe 25mg/kg | M1: IL-1β TNF-α ↑ | |||||||
| Feraheme (ferumoxytol) | γ-Fe2O3 | PSC | / | / | RAW264.7, BMDM, Ana-1 | Fe 0–100μg/mL | M1: IL-12p40/70 IL-4 IL-13 ↑ | [52] | |
| Balb/c mice | Fe 25mg/kg | M1: IL-1β TNF-α ↑ | |||||||
| PEG-Fns | Fns | PEG | / | 20 | RAW264.7 | Fe 320μmol/L, 12h | M1: TNF-α ↑ M2: IL-10 ↓ |
[64] | |
| Phenotype Reversal (M2 to M1) | Iron-dextran | / | Dextran | / | / | IL-4 treated BMDMs | 5 mg, 7d | M1: CD16/32 ↑ M2: CD206 ↓ |
[65] |
| Fe3O4-PLGA | Fe3O4 | PLGA | – | 283.8±24.1 | IL-4 treated RAW264.7 | 10 mg/mL | M1: TNF-α IL-1β iNOS ↑ M2: TGF-β IL-10 Arg1 ↓ |
[66] | |
| Fe3O4 | Fe3O4 | / | – | 453 | Lps treated BMDMs | 25 μg/mL, 24h | M2: IL-10 SOCS1 SOCS3 ↓ M1: TNF-α IL-12 ↑ |
[67] | |
| Fe3O4@D-SiO2 | Fe3O4 | Dendritic silica | – | 490x320 | IL-4 treated RAW264.7/BMDMs | 15 μg/mL, 24h | M1: CD80 CD86 CD64 ↑ M2: CD206 Arg-1 ↓ |
[68] | |
| CD206-Fe3O4-PLGA | Fe3O4 | PLGA | – | 294.3± 17.8 | Subcutaneous tumor-bearing mouse model | / | M1: CD86 ↓ | [66] | |
| PHNPs@DPA-S-S-BSA-MA@3-MA | Fe3O4 | / | – | 20 | MDA-MB-231 co-cultured RAW264.7/THP1 | 200 μg/mL, 24h | M1: CD86 iNOS IL-12 TNF-α ↑ M2: CD206 IL-10 Arg-1 ↓ |
[69] | |
| MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mouse model | 20 mg/kg | M1: CD86 iNOS IL-12 TNF-α ↑ | |||||||
| SPION | Fe3O4+γ-Fe2O3 | Carboxy-dextran | – | / | IL-4/IL-13 treated THP1 | Fe 20μg/mL, 24h/48h | M1: CD86 TNF-α ↑ | [70] | |
| Ferumoxytol | γ-Fe2O3 | PSC | / | / | MMTV-PyMT co-cultured RAW264.7 | Fe 2.73mg/mL, 6h | M1: ROS TNF-α CD86 ↑ M2: CD206 IL-10 ↓ |
[6] | |
| Mammary tumour model | Fe 2.73/8.37mg/mL | / | |||||||
| PEI-SPION | / | PEI | + | / | PMA treated THP1 | 4 μg/mL | M1: IL-1β IL-6 ↑ M2: IL-12 ↓ |
[71] | |
| Highly vascularized MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors model | 1.2 mg/kg | M1: Mac3 iNOS ↑ M2: Arg-1 ↓ |
|||||||
| Fe@PDA-PEG | Fe3+ | mPEG-SH | / | 162 | IL-4 treated RAW264.7 | 24h | M1: iNOS IL-12 ↑ M2: IL-10 ↓ |
[72] | |
| Subcutaneous model of colon model | 30 mg/kg, 24h | M1: CD80 ↑ M2: CD206 ↓ |
|||||||
| PEG-Fns | Fns | PEG | / | 20 | SCC-7 co-cultured RAW264.7 | Fe 320μmol/L, 12h | M1: TNF-α ↑ M2: IL-10 ↓ |
[64] | |
| Subcutaneous tumor-bearing mouse model | Fe 800μmol/kg, 200 μL | M1: iNOS ↑ M2: CD163 ↓ |
|||||||
| LMWHA-MPB | PBNPs | LMWHA | – | 127 | IL-4 treated RAW264.7 | 50 μg/mL, 3h | M1: CD86 IL-12 ↑ M2: IL-10 ↓ |
[50] | |
| 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model | 10 mg/kg | M1: CD86 ↑ M2: CD206 ↓ |
|||||||
| HA-PB/ICG | PBNPs | HA | – | 295 | IL-4 treated RAW264.7 | 1, 5, 20 and 50 μg/mL, 24h | M1: CD86 ↑ M2: CD206 ↓ |
[53] | |
| 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model | 20 μg/mL, 8h | / | |||||||
| HION@Macs | / | HA | / | / | IL-4 treated RAW264.7 | 50 μg/mL, 24h | M1: CD80 iNOS ↑ M2: Arg-1 ↓ |
[73] | |
| 4T1 breast tumor bearing mouse model | 5 mg/kg, 24h | M1: TNF-α CD86 ↑ M2: CD206 ↓ |
|||||||
| Man-HMPB/HCQ | PBNPs | Mannose | – | 247 | IL-4 treated RAW264.7 | 10h | M1: CD86 IL-6 ↑ M2: CD206 IL-10 ↓ |
[57] | |
| 4T1 tumor model | 2.5 mg/kg | M1: CD86 IFN-γ TNF-α ↑ M2: CD206 IL-10 ↓ |
|||||||
| IMSN-PEG-TI | Iron manganese silicate nanoparticles | PEG | / | 122 | CT26 co-cultured mice abdominal macrophages | 100 μg/mL, 24h | M1: ly6C ↑ M2: CD206 ↓ |
[74] | |
| CT26-tumor-bearing mouse models | 10 mg/kg | M1: ly6C ↑ M2: CD206 ↓ |
|||||||
PMA, Amphiphilic polymer; PEI, Polyethyleneimine; PSC, Polyglucose sorbitol Carboxymethyl ether; Fns, Ferrihydrite nanoparticles; PEG, Polyethylene glycol; PLGA, Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid; PDA, polydiacetylene; mPEG-SH, thiol-terminated polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether; PHNPs@DPA-S-S-BSA-MA@3-MA, mannose (MA) modified porous hollow iron oxide nanoparticles (PHNPs) loaded with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and blocked with bovine serum albumin (BSA); LMWHA-MPB, Mesoporous Prussian blue NPs with low molecular weight hyaluronic acid surface modification; HA-PB/ICG, Hyaluronic acid modified mesoporous Prussian blue nanoparticles loaded photosensitizer indocyanine green; HA, Hyaluronic acid; HION, Hyaluronic acid-decorated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; Man-HMPB/HCQ, hollow mesoporous Prussian blue (HMPB) nanosystem with mannose decoration and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) adsorption; IMSN-PEG-TI, TGF-β inhibitor (TI)-loaded PEGylated iron manganese silicate nanoparticles (IMSN); ROS, reactive oxygen species.