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. 2023 Aug 17;26(9):1566–1574. doi: 10.1038/s41593-023-01409-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, Left: schematic of surgical preparation. Right: example single units showing inhibition of spiking activity in response to optical stimulation. b, Schematic of choice task with optical inhibition restricted to the cue evaluation period. c–n, OFC and DMS inhibition impairs economic decision-making. c,f,i,l, Probability of choosing the blackcurrant-predictive cue as a function of the difference in the volume of available rewards for uninhibited (green) and inhibited (magenta) trials. Rats were less likely to choose larger volume rewards when the OFC (c) or DMS (i) was inhibited but not when the prelimbic cortex (f) or mediodorsal thalamus (l) was inhibited (OFC: n = 12 rats; prelimbic cortex: n = 7 rats; DMS: n = 6 rats; mediodorsal thalamus: n = 6 rats; two-way repeated-measures ANOVA). Inset, fraction of trials in which the animal chose the larger available reward on uninhibited (green) and inhibited (magenta) trials (two-sided paired t-test). d,g,j,m, Latency to nosepoke choice response as a function of the absolute difference in the size of rewards available on uninhibited (green) and inhibited (magenta) trials. Rats were slower to respond when the OFC (d) or DMS (j) was inhibited in trials wherein the difference in reward volume was high (easy trials) (OFC: n = 12 rats; prelimbic cortex: n = 7 rats; DMS: n = 6 rats; mediodorsal thalamus: n = 6 rats, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA). Inhibition of either the prelimbic cortex (g) or mediodorsal thalamus (m) did not alter response latency. e,h,k,n, Juice preferences computed on trials in which the OFC (e) was inhibited were not correlated with juice preferences computed on trials in which the OFC was not inhibited (Pearson correlation). Inhibition of the prelimbic cortex (h), DMS (k) or mediodorsal thalamus (n) did not change juice preferences. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. Full statistical details can be found in Supplementary Table 1.