Table 1.

Proposed solutions to addressing zinc dendrite issues in Zn-based rechargeable batteries

Strategies	Materials	Principle	Function	Limitation
Additives into electrolytes	Polymer (PEI, PEG, PVA) Organic molecules (Alcohols, DMSO)	Adsorption on the zinc-based electrode surface	Block the formation sites of zinc dendrites Slow down the depositing rate of zinc	Increase the polarisation of zinc-based electrodes
	Metal ions (Bi3+, Pb2+)	Substrate effect	Optimise the current distribution of electrodes	Influence the electrochemistry of flow batteries
Additives into electrodes	Polymer (PTFE, PE)	Binder	Reduce the generation sites of dendrites Decrease the solubility of zinc-based compounds	NA
	Metal oxides or metal hydroxides (PbO, In(OH)3)	Substrate effect Alloying of Zn-based electrodes	Optimise the current distribution of electrodes Regulate the deposition of Zn2+	Influence the FB electrochemistry HER issue of Zn alloy
Modification of the electrode structure	(3D) structure design	Improvement of zinc activity, stability and reversibility	Increasing the surface area of the electrodes to make a uniform deposition of zinc	NA