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. 2023 Aug 31;6:896. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-05230-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Map of sampling sites showing depth and elevation gradients within the study area. Bathymetry data courtesy of Hawaiʻi Mapping Research Group, SOEST, UH Mānoa and elevation data courtesy of the U.S.G.S. National Elevation Dataset. Site locations were collected by handheld GPS. The map was created using the R language for statistical programming (code available in the public GitHub repository associated with this manuscript). b–j Representative photos of benthic primary producers collected from Waimea Bay, Oʻahu. Scleractinian reef corals (b) Porites lobata, (c) Pocillopora meandrina, and (d) Montipora capitata; erect rhodophytes (e) Jania and (f) Galaxaura, and a calcifying chlorophyte (g) Halimeda; and crustose coralline algae (h) Hydrolithon, (i) Lithophyllum, and (j) Hydrolithon (PC: Keoki and Yuko Stender). For standardization in all of the analyses performed in this work, coral, macroalgae, and CCA samples were defined as orange, green, and blue, respectively. Collection permit: Hawaiʻi State Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Aquatic Resources Special Activity Permit No. 2020-23. Representative photographs of benthic primary producers were obtained from https://www.marinelifephotography.com with authorization from Keoki Stender.