Table 2.

The common differential metabolites between the stage I and stage IV.

Name	fold change I	fold change IV	Function	Related disease	Reference
Ginsenoside re	2.96	1.64	nerve protection, anti-cancer	cancer, neurodegeneration disease	[34]
Hexadecanedioic acid, 3,3,14,14-tetramethyl-	2.49	0.7	–	–	–
Methylmalonic acid	2.43	1.3	drive tumor aggressiveness	tumor	[35]
6-phospho-d-gluconate	2.01	1.26	glycolysis intermediate	systemic lupus erythematosus	[36]
Kynurenic acid	1.94	4.45	nerve protection	Alzheimer's disease	[37]
L-Tyrosine	1.78	2.08	melanin formation substrate	melanin	[38]
Delsoline	1.57	1.3	gangliolysis	muscle tension and overexertion	[39]
Coproporphyrin i	1.47	0.81	biomarker of OATP1B Activity	Rheumatoid Arthritis	[40]
Cis,cis-muconic acid	1.02	0.84	C6 dicarboxylic acid platform chemical	the production of drugs	[41]
Propylene glycol propyl ether	−0.32	−0.23	toxicity	tumors	[42]
Chlorhexidine	−0.5	−0.74	antimicrobial	gingivitis	[43]
Pentadecanoic acid	−0.61	−0.48	promoted glucose uptake	type 2 diabetes	[44]
Norharmane	−0.67	−0.7	protective against neurodegenerative diseases	Alzheimer's disease	[45]
Oxindole	−0.78	−0.79	kinase inhibitors	cancer	[46]
Gln-val	−0.84	−0.89	melanoma cells to metastasize to the liver	melanoma	[47]
2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylphenethylamine	−0.86	−0.79	induce neurotoxicity	neuroinflammation	[48]
Trimethylamine n-oxide	−0.94	−0.77	inducing M1 macrophage polarization	graft-versus-host disease	[49]
Phosphatidylcholine lyso alkyl 16:0	−0.98	−0.98	–	–	–