Table 1.

Combination of various antibacterial agents with different CD carrier.

Antibacterial agents	Class	Cyclodextrin carrier	Improvement	Antibacterial activity	Ref.
Tebipenem pivoxil (TP)	carbapenem analog, which belongs to the β-lactam antibiotics	β-CD	Enhancement of solubility and permeability	MIC values were dramatically lowered concerning the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis.	[212]
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Dicloxacillin	β-lactam antibiotics	γ-CD and octakis[6-(2- carboxyethyl)thio-6-deoxy]- γ-CD	Enhance the penicillin's chemical stability and lessen its allergenicity and propensity to cause bacterial resistance.	_	[213]
Sodium Dicloxacillin	soluble salt of semi-synthetic penicillin	γ-CD or HP-β-CD	Improve solubility and stability.	_	[214]
Meropenem	β-lactam antibiotic	2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)	Improve chemical stability	The MER-β-CD complex had higher bactericidal activity than the free form against P. aeruginosa, Rhodococcus equi, and Listeria ivanovii. But the MIC values for the majority of bacterial strains were the same.	[215]
Oxacillin	β-lactam antibiotic	octakis[6-(2-aminoethylthio)-6-deoxy]-γ-CD (γCys)	Improve stability against highly active oxa-1 β-lactamase	Compared to uncomplexed oxacillin, complexing oxacillin with γ-CD moderately reduces the viability of S. epidermidis biofilms (by around 50%).	[216]
Methicillin	β-lactam antibiotic	per-6-(4-methoxylbenzyl)-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin (pMBA - βCD)	Improve solubility	When compared to methicillin alone, the MIC values of pMBA- βCD/methicillin were reduced 30-65-fold for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.	[217]
Cefuroxime axetil (CA)	Oral cephalosporin prodrug	hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)	Improve solubility and dissolution profile	Clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to the CA-HPβCD inclusion complex exhibited up to a four-fold increase in antibacterial activity.	[218]
Cefadroxil	cephalosporin class of antibiotic	β-CD HP-β-CD Meth- β-CD	Enhance the permeability of antibiotics and resistance against β lactamase	Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strain was 16 and 4 times more active than cefadroxil-HP βCD (1:2) and cefadroxil- βCD (1:2), respectively. E. coli strains were four times and two times more active to Cefadroxil-Meth-βCD (1:2), and P. aeruginosa strains were two as more active to cefadroxil-Meth-βCD (1:2) complex	[219]
Cefdinir	semi-synthetic third-generation broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin	β CD HP-β-CD	Improve solubility, dissolution and bioavailability	increase the release rate of CEF to enhance its antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive species S. aureus and Gram-negative species E. coli in vitro.	[220]
Rifampin/Rifampicin	ansamycin or macrocyclic antibiotics	Octakis(6-(2-aminoethylthio)-6-deoxy)-γ-cyclodextrin (γ Cys)	improve antibiotic delivery and efficacy	Indicates a significant reduction in S. epidermidis biofilm viability compared to rifampicin alone.	[216]
		hydroxy propyl- ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD) and randomly methylated ß-cyclodextrin (RAMEB)	improve solubility	similar or higher bacteriostatic activity against A. Baumannii	[221]
Ciprofloxacin	Fluoroquinolone broad-spectrum antibiotic	mono-6-deoxy-6-aminoethylamino-β-cyclodextrin (Et-β-CD	enhance the solubility and bioavailability	significantly affect the growth curve and improve the antibacterial activity of CIP against MRSA	[222]
Natamycin	Polyene macrolide antibiotic	β-CD HP-β-CD	enhance the solubility	The MIC of natamycin:β-CD complex and natamycin: HP β-CD complex is significantly reduced in Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.	[223]
Roxithromycin	semi-synthetic macrolide and an ether-oxime derivative of erythromycin	βCD HP-β-CD	Improve solubility	βCD-ROX/PLGA NPs and HPβCD-ROX/PLGA NPs have shown significant antimicrobial effects against the selected multidrug-resistant Gram-positive MRSA bacteria. The HPβCD-ROX/PLGA NPs show significantly higher zones of inhibition	[224]
Vancomycin Hamamelitannin	glycopeptide antibiotics Quorum sensing inhibitor(QSI)	HP-β-CD	Sustained delivery of antibiotics	HPβCD-functionalized cellulose gauzes containing the antibiotic VAN and the QSI HAM capable of affecting S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilm	[225]
Ciprofloxacin	Fluoroquinolone broad-spectrum antibiotic	β-CD	Sustained delivery of antibiotics	β-CD grafted fibers loading CipHCl possess excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.	[226]
Alamethicin	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)	γ-CD	Better solubility, temperature, and pH stability	The γ cyclodextrin/alamethicin 5:1 mol ratio was determined to have more excellent antibacterial action in L. monocytogenes strains than AMP alone	[227]
ZnO Cefepime	Nanoparticles (NPs) Fourth-generation cephalosporin	β-CD	Enhance the solubility and bioavailability of nanoparticles	ZnO-βCD-Cfp improves the anti-biofilm activity in E. coli strains	[228]
Cinnamon	essential oil	β-CD	Improvement of stability	β-CD:CLO inhibits the growth of Alternaria alternata more effectively than free CLO	[229]
Carvacrol, eugenol, linalool, 2-pentanoylfuran	essential oil	α-CD β-CD HP-β-CD	Enhancement of solubility	The most significant improvement in the MICs of essential oil compounds against E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and S. cerevisiae was shown when hydroxypropyl-β-CD was used as the solubilizer. However, there was no improvement in the MIC with eugenol for S. aureus and S. cerevisiae using hydroxypropyl-β-CD as the solubilizer. α-CD and β-CD were effective solubilizers concerning eugenol and linalool for B. subtilis and S. aureus; and carvacrol and 2-pentanoylfuran for E. coli and S. cerevisiae, respectively.	[230]