Table 4.
Results of included studies.
| Authors | Interventions | Outcome measure | Findings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental (E, Index of Kyphosis: IK,) | Control/Comparator (C) | Between-group difference | ||||
| Abd-Eltwab & Ameer, 2021[22] | E: General active exercise C: TheraBand exercises | Flexicurve index of kyphosis | Pre-test (IK): 3.87 +/- 0.26 Post-test (IK): 3.51 +/-0.17 Significance: *p=0.020 % Change: 9.3 |
Pre-test (IK): 3.99 +/-0.46 Post-test (IK): 3.06 +/- 0.14 Significance: *p=0.002 % Change: 23.3 |
*p=0.000 | |
| Almasoodi, Mahdavinejad & Ghasmi, 2020[23] | E: NASM exercises C: Traditional Exercise | Flexicurve | Pre-test (°): 47.6 +/- 2.64 Post-test (°): 38.4 +/- 2.82 Significance: Not stated % Change: 19.32 |
Pre-test (°): 48.26 +/- 1.9 Post-test (°): 43.73 +/-2.18 Significance: Not stated % Change: 9.3 |
*p=0.000 | |
| Aziz et al., 2012[18] | E: Land exercise C: Water exercises | Flexicurve | Pre-test (°): 56 Post-test (°): 48 Significance: Not stated % Change: 14.3 |
Pre-test (°): 55.5 Post-test (°): 48 Significance: Not stated % Change: 13.5 |
Not stated | |
| Jabbar & Gandomi, 2021[20] | E: NASM Exercise C: Sahrmann corrective exercise | Spinal Mouse | Pre-test (°): 49.26 +/- 11.13 Post-test (°): 46.6 +/- 11.32 Significance: *p=0.032 % Change: 5.4 |
Pre-test (°): 50.4 +/-6.73 Post-test (°): 48.06 +/- 8.11 Significance: *p=0.043 % Change: 4.6 |
p=0.19 | |
| Jang et al., 2019[21] | E: Thoracic correction exercise (supervised) C: Thoracic correction exercise (at home) | Dual Inclinometer | Pre-test (°): 57 +/- 2.9 Post-test (°): 54.8 +/- 2.8 Significance: Not stated % Change: 3.8 Follow-up (°): 54.9 +/- 2.7 |
Pre-test (°): 55.7 +/- 4.9 Post-test (°): 56.5 +/- 5.5 Significance: Not stated % Change: 1.4 Follow-up (°): 55.6 +/- 4.8 |
*p<0.01 | |
| Flexicurve index of kyphosis (best) | Pre-test (IK): 13.7 +/- 1.3 Post-test (IK): 13.2 +/- 1.2 Significance: Not stated % Change: 3.6 Follow-up (IK): 13.4 +/- 1.2 |
Pre-test (IK): 13.5 +/- 1.2 Post-test (IK): 13.5 +/- 1.2 Significance: Not stated % Change: 0.0 Follow-up (IK): 13.4 +/- 1.2 |
*p<0.01 | |||
| Kamali et al., 2016[5] | E: Stretching and strengthening exercises C: Manual Therapy | ProReflex upright | Pre-test (°): 32.5 +/- 8.4 Post-test (°): 29.9 +/- 8.3 Significance: *p<.001 % Change: 8.0 |
Pre-test (°): 31.7 +/- 6.3 Post-test (°): 28.5 +/- 6.4 Significance: *p<.001 % Change: 10.1 |
P=0.855 | |
| Karimian et al., 2019[28] | E: NASM exercise C: Control | Photogrammetric analysis | Pre-test (°): 44.76 +/- 1.94 Post-test (°): 41.15 +/- 2.23 Significance: Not stated % Change: 8.1 |
Pre-test (°): 43.71 +/- 2.38 Post-test (°): 44.2 +/- 2.71 Significance: Not stated % Change: 1.1 |
*p=0.003 | |
| Katzman et al., 2017[8] | E: Group multimodal exercise C: Waitlist Control | Cobb angle | Pre-test (°): 57.5 +/- 13.6 Post-test (°): -1.4 Significance: Not stated % Change: 2.4 |
Pre-test (°): 54.2 +/- 10.4 Post-test (°): 0.3 Significance: not stated % Change: 0.6 |
p=0.09 | |
| Debrunner kyphometer | Pre-test (°): 51.4 +/- 7.9 Post-test (°): -3.8 Significance: Not stated % Change: 7.4 |
Pre-test (°): 52.7 +/- 7 Post-test (°): 1 Significance: Not stated % Change: 1.9 |
*p<0.0001 | |||
| Katzman et al., 2021[17] | E: Group multimodal exercise follow-up Katzman 2017 | Debrunner kyphometer | Pre-test (°): 53.8 +/- 8.1 Post-test (°): 50.2 +/- 9.7 Follow-up (°): 48.9 +/- 11.9 Significance: p=0.077 % Change: 6.7 |
N/A | N/A | |
| Katzman et al., 2007[27] | E: Group multimodal exercise | Debrunner kyphometer (best) | Pre-test (°): 50 +/- 6 Post-test (°): -6 +/- 0.3 Significance: *p<.001 % Change: 10 |
N/A | N/A | |
| Pawlowsky, Hamel & Katzman, 2009[16] | E: Group multimodal exercise – Follow-up from Katzman 2007 | Debrunner kyphometer (best) | Pre-test (°): 50 +/- 9 Post-test (°): 45 +/- 6 Follow-up (°): 42 +/- 6 Significance: *p=0.022 % Change: 16 |
N/A | N/A | |
| Katzman et al., 2017[7] | E: Group multimodal exercise Control: Health education | Cobb angle | Pre-test (°): 56.8 +/- 12.2 Post-test (°): -3.3 Significance: Not stated % Change: 5.8 |
Pre-test (°): 57.9 +/- 12.9 Post-test (°): -0.3 Significance: Not stated % Change: 0.5 |
p=0.009 | |
| Debrunner kyphometer | Pre-test (°): 54.1 +/- 8.2 Post-test (°): -3.8 Significance: Not stated % Change: 7.0 |
Pre-test (°): 54.1 +/- 9.1 Post-test (°): -0.9 Significance: Not stated % Change: 1.7 |
*p=0.03 | |||
| Mousavi et al., 2019[24] | E: Strengthening and stretching C1: MFR/CE C2: Control | Flexible Ruler | Pre-test (°): 47.73 +/- 2.97 Post-test (°): 41.11 +/- 1.77 Follow-up (°): 43.04 +/- 1.99 Significance: *p=0.001 % Change: 13.9 |
MFR/CE Pre-test (°): 48.68 +/- 2.59 Post-test (°): 40.42 +/- 1.59 Follow-up (°): 42.16 +/- 2.28 Significance: *p=0.001 % Change: 17.3 |
Control Pre-test (°): 47.97 +/- 2.99 Post-test (°): 48.09 +/- 2.71 Follow-up (°): 47.98 +/- 2.59. Significance: p=0.852 % Change: 0.3 |
MFR/CE & CE: p=0.006 (Follow-up: p=0.044) MFR/CE & Control *p=0.001 (Follow-up: *p=0.001) CE & Control: *p=0.001 (Follow-up: *p=0.001) |
| Park & Choung, 2020[25] | E: Self stretching C1: MET C2: Control | Bubble inclinometer | Pre-test (°): 44.3 +/- 1.97 Post-test (°): 34.6 +/- 1.71 Significance: *p<0.01 % Change: 21.9 |
MET Pre-test (°): 43.9 +/- 1.32 Post-test (°): 34.4 +/- 1.19 Significance: *p=0.01 % Change: 21.6. |
Control Pre-test (°): 43.5 +/- 0.97 Post-test (°): 43.4 +/- 0.95 Significance: p=0.78 % Change: 0.2 |
*p<0.01 between interventions and control |
| Park, Kim & Kim, 2020[26] | E: Thoracic extension & trunk strengthening C1: Mobilizations (mobs) C2: Combo C1 & E | Bubble inclinometer | Pre-test (°): 44.1 +/- 1.85 Post-test (°): 41.4 +/- 2.72 Significance: *p=0.002 % Change: 6.1 |
Mobs Pre-test (°): 44.5 +/- 2.07 Post-test (°): 41.4 +/- 2.36 Significance: *p=0.001 % Change: 7.9 |
Combo Pre-test (°): 45.2 +/- 2.2 Post-test (°): 40.1 +/- 2.23 Significance: *p=0.001 % Change: 11.3 |
*p=0.011 |
| Seidi et al., 2014[30] | E: LCEP C1: CCEP C2: Control | Flexicurve | Pre-test (°): 48.07 +/- 2.01 Post-test (°): 43.03 +/- 2.08 Significance: *p=0.001 % Change: 10.5 |
CCEP Pre-test (°): 47.28 +/- 2.11 Post-test (°): 35.03 +/- 2.27 Significance: *p=0.001 % Change: 25.9 |
Control Pre-test (°): 46.56 +/- 2.04 Post-test (°): 45.94 +/- 2.01 Significance: p=0.137 % Change: 1.3 |
LCEP & Control *p=0.001 CCEP & Control *p=0.001 |
| Tarasi et al., 2019[29] | E: Spine strengthening, mobility and alignment C: Normal daily routine | Flexible Ruler | Pre-test (°): 48 +/- 3.01 Post-test (°): 40.76 +/- 2.30 Significance: *p=0.001 % Change: 15.1 |
Pre-test (°): 47.66 +/- 2.81 Post-test (°): 48 +/- 3.04 Significance: p=0.08 % Change: 0.7 |
*p=0.001 | |
| Yoo, 2013[19] | Session 1: Stretching Session 2: Thoracic extension Session 3: Cervical and scapular | Dual Inclinometer | Pre-test (°): 47 Post-session 1 (°): 46 Post session 2 (°): 44 Post session 3 (°): 40 % Change: 14.9 |
N/A | N/A | |
*
Significant at alpha level < 0.05, Statistics reported as mean and standard deviation (SD). Abbreviations: NASM: National Academy of Sports Medicine, MFR/CE: Myofascial release and correction exercise, MET: Muscle energy technique, LCEP: Local corrective exercise program, CCEP: Comprehensive corrective exercise program.