Table 1. Characteristics of Veterans.
| Characteristic | Veterans, No. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 285 710) | No treatment (n = 239 563) | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (n = 26 677) | Molnupiravir (n = 9003) | Monoclonal antibodies (n = 4784)a | |
| Age, y | |||||
| Median (IQR), y | 63.1 (49.9-73.7) | 61.7 (47.9-73.1) | 67.0 (56.0-74.9) | 71.8 (62.2-76.6) | 72.4 (63.2-76.7) |
| Group | |||||
| 18-49 | 71 872 (25.2) | 66 294 (27.7) | 4124 (15.5) | 713 (7.9) | 401 (8.4) |
| 50-64 | 82 862 (29.0) | 70 878 (29.6) | 7779 (29.2) | 2142 (23.8) | 965 (20.2) |
| 65-74 | 73 234 (25.6) | 58 175 (24.3) | 8241 (30.9) | 3094 (34.4) | 1762 (36.8) |
| ≥75 | 57 737 (20.2) | 44 210 (18.5) | 6533 (24.5) | 3054 (33.9) | 1656 (34.6) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 247 358 (86.6) | 206 125 (86.0) | 23 329 (87.4) | 8222 (91.3) | 4367 (91.3) |
| Female | 38 352 (13.4) | 33 438 (14.0) | 3348 (12.6) | 781 (8.7) | 417 (8.7) |
| Raceb | |||||
| Black | 61 269 (21.4) | 51 537 (21.5) | 6045 (22.7) | 1773 (19.7) | 786 (16.4) |
| White | 198 863 (69.6) | 165 499 (69.1) | 18 615 (69.8) | 6742 (74.9) | 3747 (78.3) |
| Other | 13 548 (4.7) | 11 664 (4.9) | 1192 (4.5) | 325 (3.6) | 162 (3.4) |
| Missing | 12 024 (4.2) | 10 856 (4.5) | 825 (3.1) | 163 (1.8) | 89 (1.9) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | |||||
| Hispanic | 28 444 (10.0) | 24 495 (10.2) | 2437 (9.1) | 694 (7.7) | 336 (7.0) |
| Missing | 11 043 (3.9) | 9419 (3.9) | 889 (3.3) | 340 (3.8) | 175 (3.7) |
| Ruralityc | |||||
| Urban | 216 544 (75.8) | 181 425 (75.7) | 20 881 (78.3) | 6595 (73.3) | 3352 (70.1) |
| Rural | 69 161 (24.2) | 58 132 (24.3) | 5796 (21.7) | 2408 (26.7) | 1432 (29.9) |
| Missing | 5 (<0.1) | 6 (<0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Regiond | |||||
| West | 70 913 (24.8) | 59 562 (24.9) | 6564 (24.6) | 1975 (21.9) | 1123 (23.5) |
| Midwest | 51 481 (18.0) | 42 326 (17.7) | 5760 (21.6) | 1372 (15.2) | 1238 (25.9) |
| Northeast | 45 885 (16.1) | 36 820 (15.4) | 5445 (20.4) | 1579 (17.5) | 1120 (23.4) |
| South | 117 426 (41.1) | 100 849 (42.1) | 8908 (33.4) | 4077 (45.3) | 1303 (27.2) |
| Missing | 5 (<0.1) | 6 (<0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| VISN | |||||
| 1 | 13 086 (4.6) | 10 276 (4.3) | 1800 (6.7) | 535 (5.9) | 206 (4.3) |
| 2 | 12 042 (4.2) | 9657 (4.0) | 1374 (5.2) | 539 (6.0) | 240 (5.0) |
| 4 | 11 492 (4.0) | 9614 (4.0) | 987 (3.7) | 349 (3.9) | 296 (6.2) |
| 5 | 9265 (3.2) | 7273 (3.0) | 1284 (4.8) | 156 (1.7) | 378 (7.9) |
| 6 | 21 638 (7.6) | 18 258 (7.6) | 1843 (6.9) | 1089 (12.1) | 213 (4.5) |
| 7 | 17 680 (6.2) | 15 376 (6.4) | 1518 (5.7) | 298 (3.3) | 220 (4.6) |
| 8 | 31 473 (11.0) | 27 380 (11.4) | 2049 (7.7) | 1076 (12.0) | 323 (6.8) |
| 9 | 12 711 (4.4) | 9718 (4.1) | 1631 (6.1) | 714 (7.9) | 217 (4.5) |
| 10 | 17 497 (6.1) | 14 210 (5.9) | 2084 (7.8) | 551 (6.1) | 374 (7.8) |
| 12 | 10 870 (3.8) | 8942 (3.7) | 1274 (4.8) | 178 (2.0) | 277 (5.8) |
| 15 | 10 353 (3.6) | 8667 (3.6) | 990 (3.7) | 237 (2.6) | 309 (6.5) |
| 16 | 17 037 (6.0) | 14 870 (6.2) | 1014 (3.8) | 584 (6.5) | 249 (5.2) |
| 17 | 16 887 (5.9) | 15 247 (6.4) | 853 (3.2) | 316 (3.5) | 81 (1.7) |
| 19 | 13 618 (4.8) | 11 857 (4.9) | 775 (2.9) | 610 (6.8) | 182 (3.8) |
| 20 | 10 795 (3.8) | 9542 (4.0) | 788 (3.0) | 172 (1.9) | 157 (3.3) |
| 21 | 19 879 (7.0) | 15 989 (6.7) | 2333 (8.7) | 564 (6.3) | 297 (6.2) |
| 22 | 26 621 (9.3) | 22 174 (9.3) | 2668 (10.0) | 629 (7.0) | 487 (10.2) |
| 23 | 12 761 (4.5) | 10 507 (4.4) | 1412 (5.3) | 406 (4.5) | 278 (5.8) |
| Vaccination statuse | |||||
| None | 65 095 (22.8) | 57 996 (24.2) | 3809 (14.3) | 1026 (11.4) | 919 (19.2) |
| Partial | 11 303 (4.0) | 9443 (3.9) | 840 (3.1) | 268 (3.0) | 313 (6.5) |
| Primary | 90 383 (31.6) | 78 648 (32.8) | 6252 (23.4) | 2141 (23.8) | 1536 (32.1) |
| Booster | 118 728 (41.6) | 93 301 (38.9) | 15 758 (59.1) | 5566 (61.8) | 2011 (42.0) |
| Other | 196 (0.1) | 169 (0.1) | 18 (0.1) | 2 (<0.1) | 5 (0.1) |
| Smokingf | |||||
| Never | 117 243 (41.0) | 98 737 (41.2) | 11 247 (42.2) | 3460 (38.4) | 1809 (37.8) |
| Former | 111 801 (39.1) | 91 837 (38.3) | 11 126 (41.7) | 4074 (45.3) | 2242 (46.9) |
| Current | 45 410 (15.9) | 39 166 (16.3) | 3532 (13.2) | 1266 (14.1) | 583 (12.2) |
| Missing | 11 256 (3.9) | 9823 (4.1) | 772 (2.9) | 203 (2.3) | 150 (3.1) |
| Alcohol use disorderf | |||||
| No | 225 682 (79.0) | 187 718 (78.4) | 21 638 (81.1) | 7498 (83.3) | 4101 (85.7) |
| Yes | 60 017 (21.0) | 51 834 (21.6) | 5039 (18.9) | 1504 (16.7) | 683 (14.3) |
| Missing | 11 (<0.1) | 11 (<0.1) | 0 | 1 (<0.1) | 0 |
| Nonalcohol substance use disorderf | |||||
| No | 271 895 (95.2) | 227 733 (95.1) | 25 616 (96.0) | 8565 (95.1) | 4629 (96.8) |
| Yes | 13 804 (4.8) | 11 819 (4.9) | 1061 (4.0) | 437 (4.9) | 155 (3.2) |
| Missing | 11 (<0.1) | 11 (<0.1) | 0 | 1 (<0.1) | 0 |
| CCI score | |||||
| 0 | 115 763 (40.5) | 103 479 (43.2) | 9035 (33.9) | 1769 (19.7) | 710 (14.8) |
| 1 | 59 138 (20.7) | 49 587 (20.7) | 6103 (22.9) | 1677 (18.6) | 826 (17.3) |
| 2 | 42 865 (15.0) | 34 425 (14.4) | 4908 (18.4) | 1661 (18.5) | 888 (18.6) |
| 3 | 24 392 (8.5) | 19 169 (8.0) | 2703 (10.1) | 1158 (12.9) | 627 (13.1) |
| 4-5 | 25 442 (8.9) | 19 512 (8.1) | 2332 (8.7) | 1531 (17.0) | 950 (19.9) |
| ≥6 | 18 099 (6.3) | 13 380 (5.6) | 1596 (6.0) | 1206 (13.4) | 783 (16.4) |
| Underlying conditionf | |||||
| Obesity (BMI ≥30) | 133 557 (46.7) | 112 133 (46.8) | 12 747 (47.8) | 4213 (46.8) | 2247 (47.0) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 38 381 (13.4) | 30 011 (12.5) | 3086 (11.6) | 2256 (25.1) | 1414 (29.6) |
| Diabetes | 89 075 (31.2) | 70 607 (29.5) | 9346 (35.0) | 4059 (45.1) | 2302 (48.1) |
| Cancer | 42 204 (14.8) | 32 776 (13.7) | 4655 (17.4) | 1972 (21.9) | 1318 (27.6) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 91 153 (31.9) | 71 345 (29.8) | 9085 (34.1) | 4819 (53.5) | 2601 (54.4) |
| Chronic lung disease | 84 140 (29.5) | 66 811 (27.9) | 8671 (32.5) | 3910 (43.4) | 2113 (44.2) |
| Dementia | 10 823 (3.8) | 8372 (3.5) | 873 (3.3) | 465 (5.2) | 302 (6.3) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 15 809 (5.5) | 12 276 (5.1) | 1407 (5.3) | 920 (10.2) | 450 (9.4) |
| Chronic liver disease | 25 712 (9.0) | 20 865 (8.7) | 2534 (9.5) | 1005 (11.2) | 564 (11.8) |
| Mental health conditiong | 134 505 (47.1) | 114 032 (47.6) | 11 609 (43.5) | 4251 (47.2) | 2044 (42.7) |
| Immunocompromisedh | 24 174 (8.5) | 17 881 (7.5) | 2653 (9.9) | 1210 (13.4) | 1204 (25.2) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; VISN, Veterans Integrated Service Networks.
a
Includes sotrovimab, available January to April 2022, and bebtelovimab, available January to November 2022.
b
Other race includes Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.
c
Based on rural-urban commuting area codes.
d
Based on VISNs, where West includes VISNs 19 to 22; Midwest includes VISNs 10, 12, 15, and 23; Northeast includes VSNs 1, 2, 4, and 5; and South includes VISNs 6 to 9 and 16 to 17.
e
Vaccination status is determined based on COVID-19 vaccine type, number of doses, and immunocompromised status, as previously described.18
f
Includes tobacco use, alcohol or substance use disorder, and underlying conditions documented in the 2 years prior to positive SARS-CoV-2 test.
g
Includes major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
h
Immunocompromised status is defined by recent prescription of immunosuppressive or cancer medications, having HIV with a CD4 cell count of 200 cells/mm3 or less, orhaving hematologic cancers, as previously described.18