. 2023 Aug 31;6(8):e2331249. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.31249

Table 2. Factors Associated With Receipt of Any COVID-19 Pharmacotherapy, April 2022 to January 2023.

Factor	Patients receiving treatment, No./No. testing positive (%) (N = 15 4207)^a	OR (95% CI)
Factor		Unadjusted	Adjusted^b
Age, y
18-49	4552/31 861 (14.3)	0.60 (0.57-0.62)	0.66 (0.63-0.68)
50-64	9569/43 741 (21.9)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
65-74	11 128/42 223 (26.4)	1.28 (1.24-1.32)	1.18 (1.14-1.22)
≥75	9757/36 382 (26.8)	1.31 (1.27-1.35)	1.19 (1.15-1.23)
Sex
Female	4036/20 219 (20.0)	0.83 (0.80-0.86)	1.08 (1.04-1.12)
Male	30 970/133 988 (23.1)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Race
Black	7876/34 342 (22.9)	0.99 (0.96-1.02)	1.06 (1.02-1.09)
White	24 656/106 799 (23.1)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Other^c	1502/7145 (21.0)	0.89 (0.84-0.94)	0.97 (0.91-1.03)
Ethnicity
Hispanic	3084/15 615 (19.8)	0.82 (0.79-0.86)	1.06 (1.01-1.11)
Not Hispanic	31 922/138 592 (23.0)	1 [Reference]NA	1 [Reference]NA
VISN
1	2259/7621 (29.6)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
2	1928/7550 (25.5)	0.81 (0.76-0.87)	0.81 (0.75-0.87)
4	1376/6565 (21.0)	0.63 (0.58-0.68)	0.62 (0.57-0.67)
5	1501/5493 (27.3)	0.89 (0.83-0.96)	0.89 (0.82-0.96)
6	2800/11 641 (24.1)	0.75 (0.70-0.80)	0.76 (0.71-0.82)
7	1793/9122 (19.7)	0.58 (0.54-0.62)	0.59 (0.55-0.64)
8	3049/18 144 (16.8)	0.48 (0.45-0.51)	0.48 (0.45-0.51)
9	2100/6565 (32.0)	1.12 (1.04-1.20)	1.11 (1.03-1.20)
10	2592/9282 (27.9)	0.92 (0.86-0.98)	0.90 (0.84-0.96)
12	1552/6482 (23.9)	0.75 (0.69-0.81)	0.73 (0.68-0.79)
15	1247/5083 (24.5)	0.77 (0.71-0.84)	0.78 (0.72-0.85)
16	1624/8668 (18.7)	0.55 (0.51-0.59)	0.55 (0.51-0.59)
17	1022/7777 (13.1)	0.36 (0.33-0.39)	0.38 (0.35-0.41)
19	1252/6899 (18.1)	0.53 (0.49-0.57)	0.54 (0.50-0.59)
20	939/5300 (17.7)	0.51 (0.47-0.56)	0.53 (0.48-0.58)
21	2838/10 910 (26.0)	0.83 (0.78-0.89)	0.85 (0.79-0.91)
22	3429/14 142 (24.2)	0.76 (0.71-0.81)	0.80 (0.75-0.85)
23	1705/6963 (24.5)	0.77 (0.72-0.83)	0.77 (0.72-0.83)
CCI score
0	10 297/58 292 (17.7)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
1	7498/32 267 (23.2)	1.41 (1.36-1.46)	1.26 (1.21-1.30)
2	6393/24 534 (26.1)	1.64 (1.59-1.70)	1.37 (1.32-1.42)
3	3851/14 235 (27.1)	1.73 (1.66-1.80)	1.39 (1.33-1.45)
4-5	4009/14 666 (27.3)	1.75 (1.68-1.83)	1.39 (1.33-1.45)
≥6	2958/10 213 (29.0)	1.90 (1.81-1.99)	1.52 (1.44-1.59)
Rurality^d
Urban	27 223/118 403 (23.0)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Rural	7783/35 804 (21.7)	0.93 (0.90-0.96)	0.84 (0.82-0.87)
Smoking status
Never	14 507/64 657 (22.4)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Former	14 973/61 656 (24.3)	1.11 (1.08-1.14)	0.98 (0.95-1.01)
Current	4600/22 992 (20.0)	0.86 (0.83-0.90)	0.84 (0.81-0.88)
Alcohol use disorder
No	28 654/122 719 (23.3)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	6352/31 488 (20.2)	0.83 (0.80-0.86)	0.90 (0.87-0.92)
Nonalcohol substance use disorder
No	33 525/146 989 (22.8)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	1481/7218 (20.5)	0.87 (0.82-0.93)	0.92 (0.86-0.98)
Vaccination status^e
None	4360/26 777 (16.3)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Partial	1037/4908 (21.1)	1.38 (1.28-1.49)	1.24 (1.14-1.34)
Primary	7834/38 081 (20.6)	1.33 (1.28-1.39)	1.25 (1.19-1.30)
Booster	21754/84 337 (25.8)	1.79 (1.72-1.85)	1.47 (1.42-1.53)
Other	21/104 (20.2)	1.30 (0.81-2.10)	1.13 (0.68-1.88)
Cancer
No	28 267/129 308 (21.9)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	6739/24 899 (27.1)	1.33 (1.29-1.37)	1.12 (1.09-1.16)
Cardiovascular disease
No	21 008/101 631 (20.7)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	13 998/52 576 (26.6)	1.39 (1.36-1.43)	1.16 (1.13-1.19)
Chronic kidney disease
No	29417/132297 (22.2)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	5589/21 910 (25.5)	1.20 (1.16-1.24)	1.02 (0.98-1.05)
Chronic lung disease
No	22 503/106 892 (21.1)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	12 503/47 315 (26.4)	1.35 (1.31-1.38)	1.22 (1.19-1.25)
Diabetes
No	21 637/103 912 (20.8)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	13 369/50 295 (26.6)	1.38 (1.34-1.41)	1.19 (1.16-1.23)
Immunocompromised^f
No	31 020/140 837 (22.0)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	3986/13 370 (29.8)	1.50 (1.45-1.56)	1.35 (1.30-1.41)
Mental health condition^g
No	19 488/83 207 (23.4)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	15 518/71 000 (21.9)	0.91 (0.89-0.94)	1.05 (1.02-1.08)
Obese (BMI ≥30)
No	18 606/84 519 (22.0)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	16 400/69 688 (23.5)	1.09 (1.06-1.12)	1.17 (1.14-1.20)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; OR, odds ratio; VISN, Veterans Integrated Service Networks.

^{^a}

A total of 35 006 veterans who received nirmatrelvir, molnupiravir, and monoclonal antibody among 154 207 veterans testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 for April 2022 to January 2023 were included. Models were limited to veterans with complete data for all included covariates.

^{^b}

All models are adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, VISN, and CCI. To avoid overadjustment, CCI was not included when evaluating individual underlying conditions.

^{^c}

Other race includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.

^{^d}

Based on rural-urban commuting area codes.

^{^e}

Vaccination status is determined based on the COVID-19 vaccine type, number of doses, and immunocompromised status, as previously described.¹⁸

^{^f}

Immunocompromised status is defined by recent prescription of immunosuppressive or cancer medications, having HIV with a CD4 cell count of 200 cells/mm³ or less, or having hematologic cancers, as previously described.¹⁸

^{^g}

Includes major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.