Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort as of January 1, 2020.
| Characteristic | Individuals, No. (%) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hematologic malignant neoplasms (n = 33 901) | Solid tumors (n = 245 386) | No cancer (n = 11 452 821) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 15 509 (45.7) | 144 480 (58.9) | 5 853 715 (51.1) | <.001 |
| Male | 18 392 (54.3) | 100 906 (41.1) | 5 599 106 (48.9) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 65.92 (16.1) | 62.54 (16.1) | 48.37 (18.5) | <.001 |
| Long-term care residence | 808 (2.4) | 3412 (1.4) | 95 197 (0.8) | <.001 |
| Income quintilea,b | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 6486 (19.1) | 46 580 (19.0) | 2 241 578 (19.6) | <.001 |
| 2 | 6777 (20.0) | 49 357 (20.1) | 2 273 972 (19.9) | |
| 3 | 6696 (19.8) | 48 884 (19.9) | 2 306 435 (20.1) | |
| 4 | 6537 (19.3) | 48 573 (19.8) | 2 297 678 (20.1) | |
| 5 (highest) | 7305 (21.5) | 51 377 (20.9) | 2 299 854 (20.1) | |
| Dependency quintilea,b | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 6443 (19.0) | 48 628 (19.8) | 3 042 000 (26.6) | <.001 |
| 2 | 5952 (17.6) | 44 497 (18.1) | 2 293 951 (20.0) | |
| 3 | 5969 (17.6) | 43 424 (17.7) | 1 988 469 (17.4) | |
| 4 | 6475 (19.1) | 45 860 (18.7) | 1 919 741 (16.8) | |
| 5 (highest) | 8788 (25.9) | 60 984 (24.9) | 2 104 622 (18.4) | |
| Deprivation quintilea,b | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 7900 (23.3) | 55 681 (22.7) | 2 613 008 (22.8) | <.001 |
| 2 | 7018 (20.7) | 51 315 (20.9) | 2 384 372 (20.8) | |
| 3 | 6520 (19.2) | 47 277 (19.3) | 2 173 085 (19.0) | |
| 4 | 6192 (18.3) | 45 290 (18.5) | 2 084 827 (18.2) | |
| 5 (highest) | 5997 (17.7) | 43 830 (17.9) | 2 093 491 (18.3) | |
| Ethnic diversity quintilea,b | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 6545 (19.3) | 49 607 (20.2) | 1 807 802 (15.8) | <.001 |
| 2 | 6444 (19.0) | 47 815 (19.5) | 1 887 018 (16.5) | |
| 3 | 6330 (18.7) | 46 336 (18.9) | 2 031 704 (17.7) | |
| 4 | 6751 (19.9) | 47 704 (19.4) | 2 402 600 (21.0) | |
| 5 (highest) | 7557 (22.3) | 51 931 (21.2) | 3 219 659 (28.1) | |
| Residential instability quintilea,b | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 6156 (18.2) | 44 760 (18.2) | 2 430 347 (21.2) | <.001 |
| 2 | 6301 (18.6) | 46 711 (19.0) | 2 134 668 (18.6) | |
| 3 | 6509 (19.2) | 47 367 (19.3) | 2 069 665 (18.1) | |
| 4 | 6357 (18.8) | 47 015 (19.2) | 2 042 025 (17.8) | |
| 5 (highest) | 8304 (24.5) | 57 540 (23.4) | 2 672 078 (23.3) | |
| Rural residence | 3817 (11.3) | 30 224 (12.3) | 1 172 493 (10.2) | <.001 |
| Public health unit regionb | ||||
| Central East | 2382 (7.0) | 19 699 (8.0) | 758 427 (6.6) | <.001 |
| Central West | 6656 (19.6) | 48 472 (19.8) | 2 204 979 (19.3) | |
| Durham | 1490 (4.4) | 11 626 (4.7) | 548 339 (4.8) | |
| Eastern | 2353 (6.9) | 18 490 (7.5) | 709 894 (6.2) | |
| North | 2365 (7.0) | 16 306 (6.6) | 655 339 (5.7) | |
| Ottawa | 1922 (5.7) | 15 916 (6.5) | 801 610 (7.0) | |
| Peel | 2700 (8.0) | 19 182 (7.8) | 1 163 994 (10.2) | |
| Southwest | 4290 (12.7) | 31 849 (13.0) | 1 336 954 (11.7) | |
| Toronto | 7047 (20.8) | 44 524 (18.1) | 2 303 915 (20.1) | |
| York | 2603 (7.7) | 18 808 (7.7) | 940 102 (8.2) | |
| COVID-19 vaccination status | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 6714 (19.8) | 44 051 (18.0) | 2 240 334 (19.6) | <.001 |
| 1 Dose | 618 (1.8) | 4158 (1.7) | 218 618 (1.9) | |
| 2 Doses | 14 087 (41.6) | 132 936 (54.2) | 7 378 372 (64.4) | |
| 3 Doses | 12 482 (36.8) | 64 241 (26.2) | 1 615 497 (14.1) | |
| Past health care utilization, mean (SD) | ||||
| Hospitalizations in the past 3 y | 1.04 (1.77) | 0.78 (1.21) | 0.17 (0.62) | <.001 |
| Family doctor visits in the past 1 y | 5.72 (6.12) | 5.13 (5.46) | 3.43 (4.74) | <.001 |
| Specialist doctor visits in the past 1 y | 8.51 (8.28) | 7.14 (6.78) | 1.76 (3.59) | <.001 |
| Resource utilizationc | ||||
| Nonusers, or healthy users | 14 (0.04) | 74 (0.03) | 681 779 (5.9) | <.001 |
| Low | 40 (0.1) | 653 (0.3) | 803 854 (7.0) | |
| Moderate | 2470 (7.3) | 23 753 (9.7) | 4 490 304 (39.2) | |
| High | 7741 (22.8) | 69 858 (28.5) | 3 459 434 (30.2) | |
| Very high | 23 636 (69.7) | 151 048 (61.6) | 2 017 450 (17.6) | |
| Frailty score, mean (SD) | 2.70 (5.31) | 1.30 (3.53) | 0.37 (2.03) | <.001 |
| Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 0.44 (0.87) | 0.26 (0.66) | 0.23 (0.64) | <.001 |
| Cancer type | ||||
| Bladder | NA | 13 346 (5.4) | NA | <.001 |
| Brain | NA | 1718 (0.7) | NA | |
| Breast | NA | 45 570 (18.6) | NA | |
| Cervix | NA | 32 367 (13.2) | NA | |
| Colorectal | NA | 24 022 (9.8) | NA | |
| Esophagus | NA | 1065 (0.4) | NA | |
| Kidney | NA | 8473 (3.5) | NA | |
| Larynx | NA | 1174 (0.5) | NA | |
| Liver | NA | 1969 (0.8) | NA | |
| Lung | NA | 15 705 (6.4) | NA | |
| Melanoma | NA | 6456 (2.6) | NA | |
| Oropharyngeal | NA | 5900 (2.4) | NA | |
| Ovary | NA | 2979 (1.2) | NA | |
| Pancreas | NA | 2007 (0.8) | NA | |
| Prostate | NA | 36 200 (14.8) | NA | |
| Stomach | NA | 2768 (1.1) | NA | |
| Testis | NA | 1862 (0.8) | NA | |
| Thyroid | NA | 12 893 (5.3) | NA | |
| Uterus | NA | 10 307 (4.2) | NA | |
| Other solid tumors | NA | 18 605 (7.6) | NA | |
| Leukemia | 6775 (20.0) | NA | NA | |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | 1595 (4.7) | NA | NA | |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 11 432 (33.7) | NA | NA | |
| Myeloma | 4218 (12.4) | NA | NA | |
| Other hematologic malignant neoplasms | 9881 (29.1) | NA | NA | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| CHF | 4542 (13.4) | 18 260 (7.4) | 301 821 (2.6) | <.001 |
| Active liver disease or cirrhosis | 468 (1.4) | 2685 (1.1) | 27 584 (0.2) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4321 (12.7) | 17 058 (7.0) | 249 800 (2.2) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 19 379 (57.2) | 124 882 (50.9) | 2 987 585 (26.1) | <.001 |
| IBD | 522 (1.5) | 2733 (1.1) | 92 393 (0.8) | <.001 |
| Immunocompromised | 1631 (4.8) | 1505 (0.6) | 33 762 (0.3) | <.001 |
| Previous cardiac ischemia | 3745 (11.0) | 19 875 (8.1) | 378 371 (3.3) | <.001 |
| Previous TIA/stroke | 1072 (3.2) | 5185 (2.1) | 99 739 (0.9) | <.001 |
| Asthma | 5448 (16.1) | 37 982 (15.5) | 1 777 402 (15.5) | .01 |
| COPD | 2925 (8.6) | 19 332 (7.9) | 274 685 (2.4) | <.001 |
| Dementia | 1529 (4.5) | 7335 (3.0) | 181 574 (1.6) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 9395 (27.7) | 59 644 (24.3) | 1 507 006 (13.2) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; NA, not applicable; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
a
Indicates area-level measure. Income quintiles measure median neighborhood incomes. Dependency quintiles measure the area-level concentration of people who do not have income from employment. Ethnic diversity quintiles measure area-level concentrations of recent immigrants and people belonging to a visible minority group (ie, persons, other than aboriginal people, who are non-Canadian in ethnicity or non-White in race). Instability quintile measures area-level concentration of people who experience high rates of family or housing instability. Deprivation quintiles measure the inability of persons and communities to access and attain basic material needs (eg, educational attainment, quality of housing).
b
Missing less than 1% of data.
c
Resource utilization demonstrates the interaction between comorbidities and health care needs, including categories ranging from a nonuser to a high complexity of illness.